Human Bio. Chapter 8

GMO stands for

genetically modified organisms

Where does insulin come from?

It comes from bacteria that were genetically modified to produce human insulin

Type 1 Diabetes

They cannot produce insulin on their own, in pancreas, not because of weight.

GMO

any organism whose genetic material has been deliberately altered in a laboratory to achieve specific traits that may not occur naturally

Protein

Macromolecule made of repeating amino acid subunits, many functions; examples: muscle contraction, facilitate chemical (enzyme) reactions, fight infection (antibody)

Amino Acids

Building blocks of proteins, 20 different amino acids, all have the same basic core structure, each has a unique chemical side group

1. Bond together to form linear chains

2. Chain folds into a 3-D protein based on the sequence of amino acids

3. Determine the shape and function of a protein

Genes

a sequence of DNA that contains the instructions to make one or more proteins

Gene Expression

Synthesis of a protein from a gene

Where do proteins come from?

Genes are found on chromosomes, each chromosome carries a unique set of genes, and gene expression

XX is

female

XY is

male

Genotype

the genetic makeup of that specific organism, DNA

Phenotype

the physical attributes of the organism, including observable and non-observable traits; examples: IQ, blood type, etc.

genotype + environment ------> phenotype

Transgenic Organism

is made by a genetically modified organism, organisms that have been genetically modified to contain genes from other species

Regulatory Sequences

first part of gene: determines when a protein is made and how much protein the specific gene makes; on-off switches for genes

Coding Sequences

second part of gene: determines the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein (shape and function); determine the identity of the protein

Transgenic or GMO process

1. create recombinant gene

2. Take recombinant gene and insert it to the gene we want to produce it, using DNA Vector (transport)

3. grow cells, allow them to express and secrete protein in lab

Recombinant gene

a gene created by combining genetic material from at least two different sources, producing a new DNA sequence

Vector

a DNA molecule used to deliver a recombinant gene to a host cell

Gene Expression

a process of converting genetic information into a protein, has two steps (transcription and translation)

Transcription

a step during gene expression; occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and cytoplasm of prokaryotic cell, molecules of messenger RNA (mRNA) are synthesized from the instructions encoded in genes

Translation

a step during gene expression; occurs on ribosomes in the cytoplasm

RNA polymerase

during transcription; they bind to the regulatory sequence of the gene, The DNA strands unwind, exposing the coding sequence of the gene.

Complementary mRNA

is formed from a DNA template according to the rules of base pairing, except that in RNA, adenine (A) pairs with uracil (U) instead of T

Translation

when mRNA molecules are used to assemble the corresponding amino acid sequence of the protein, the mRNA molecule associates with a ribosome

Codon

specifies a particular amino acid (can be a start codon or a stop codon)

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

in translation, carries an amino acid to the mRNA/ribosome complex by using its anticodon to find a matching mRNA codon