Unit 1-5 ap euro

Italian Renaissance

Centered in Florence; driven by Medici patronage and marked by a shift from religious focus to Secular Humanism and individualism.

Humanism

Revival of classical Greek/Roman texts, associated with Petrarch (Father of Humanism) and Bruni (Civic Humanism).

New Scholarship

Challenged Church authority and medieval scholasticism using reason.

Vernacular Literature

Works by Dante, Cervantes, and More that were written in local languages, weakening the dominance of Latin.

Renaissance Art

Focused on perspective, naturalism, and idealized forms, with key figures including Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Raphael.

Northern Renaissance

Emphasized Christian Humanism and social/moral reform, with Erasmus as a key figure (author of 'In Praise of Folly').

Printing Press

Invented by Gutenberg around 1450; crucial for spreading Reformation and Scientific ideas.

Machiavelli

Author of 'The Prince'; introduced Secular, Pragmatic Politics, asserting that rulers should be feared and 'the ends justify the means.'

New Monarchs

Centralized power through taxation and curbing nobles, exemplified by Louis XI (France), Henry VII (UK), and Ferdinand & Isabella (Spain).

Sovereignty

Theories developed by Jean Bodin and Hugo Grotius concerning the centralized state and international law.

Motivations for Exploration

Known as the '3 G’s' - Gold, Glory, God; state sponsorship of spice trade and Christianity.

Technology of Exploration

Advancements such as the Caravel, compass, astrolabe, and improved cartography enabled deeper sea travel.

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

Agreement by the Pope to divide the Americas between Spain and Portugal.

Mercantilism

Economic theory asserting that colonies exist to provide raw materials for a favorable trade balance.

Columbian Exchange

Global transfer of plants, animals, and disease, with smallpox devastating indigenous populations.

Slave Trade

The Middle Passage and the development of plantation economies for sugar and tobacco production.

Price Revolution

A massive influx of American silver leading to inflation and a shift of power towards the Atlantic.

Martin Luther

Initiator of the Protestant Reformation with his '95 Theses' in 1517, challenging indulgences and Church corruption.

Diet of Worms (1521)

Luther's defiance against Charles V, supported by German princes who sought independence from Rome.

Calvinism

Founded by John Calvin, it emphasized predestination and established a theocracy in Geneva.

Anabaptists

Radical reformers advocating for adult baptism and separation of church and state.

Henry VIII

His Act of Supremacy (1534) marked the break with Rome for political reasons, making him head of the Church of England.

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

Established 'Cuius regio, eius religio'; allowing princes to choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism.

Council of Trent

Catholic Church's response to Reformation; reaffirmed doctrine while reforming internal corruption.

Jesuits

Founded by Ignatius Loyola; emphasized education and missions to regain Protestant lands.

Inquisition

Used to suppress heresy and created the Index of Forbidden Books.

Wars of Religion (France)

Conflict between Huguenots and Catholics, marked by the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre.

Edict of Nantes (1598)

Granted limited religious toleration to Huguenots, issued by Henry IV.

Thirty Years' War (1618-48)

Began as a religious conflict in the Holy Roman Empire and evolved into a political struggle.

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

A major turning point that established state sovereignty and ended the age of universal Christendom.

Gender Roles

Women remained subordinate while Protestantism promoted 'companionate marriage,' with witch trials reflecting societal anxieties.

Baroque Art

Exemplified by Bernini and Caravaggio; characterized by drama and emotional intensity in Catholic Reformation.

Louis XIV (France)

Known as the 'Sun King'; embodied absolutism, claiming 'L'état c'est moi' and controlling the nobility through Versailles.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Implemented mercantilism to finance Louis XIV's military and economic endeavors.

Edict of Fontainebleau (1685)

Revoked the Edict of Nantes, causing Huguenot emigration and economic decline in France.

Peter the Great (Russia)

Forced Westernization in Russia, built St. Petersburg, and established a meritocratic Table of Ranks.

Frederick the Great (Prussia)

Known as an 'Enlightened Despot'; developed a strong military state.

Divine Right

The doctrine, promoted by Bishop Bossuet, that argued monarchs are God's representatives responsible only to Him.

English Civil War

Conflict between Parliament and Charles I leading to his execution and Cromwell's military dictatorship.

Glorious Revolution (1688)

William and Mary replaced James II, establishing Parliamentary Supremacy.

English Bill of Rights (1689)

Created a Limited Monarchy and protected the power of Parliament.

John Locke

In 'Two Treatises,' he advocated for Natural Rights (Life, Liberty, Property) and the right to rebel.

Dutch Republic

Ruled by a merchant oligarchy that practiced religious tolerance and dominated trade via the VOC.

Balance of Power

Political strategy to prevent any single state, especially France, from dominating Europe (e.g., Treaty of Utrecht).

Heliocentrism

Astronomical model suggesting that the sun is at the center of the universe, advanced by Copernicus and proven by Galileo.

Newton

Developed the Law of Gravity and viewed the universe as a 'Mechanical Clock' in 'Principia Mathematica'.

Methodology

Contrasts between Bacon's Inductive/Empiricism approach and Descartes' Deductive/Logic approach.

Medicine

Harvey's work on blood circulation and Vesalius's findings in anatomy challenged prior beliefs established by Galen.

Deism

Belief in a God who created natural laws yet does not interfere in everyday life.

Voltaire

Advocate for religious tolerance and critic of the Catholic Church, known for his anti-clerical stance.

Montesquieu

In 'Spirit of the Laws,' he proposed Separation of Powers and the establishment of checks and balances.

Rousseau

Introduced the concept of General Will and emphasized popular sovereignty in his social contract theory.

Adam Smith

In 'Wealth of Nations,' he championed Laissez-faire economics and critiqued mercantilism.

Beccaria

Philosopher known for his arguments against torture and the death penalty.

The Public Sphere

Refers to the dissemination of ideas through coffeehouses, salons, and pamphlets during the Enlightenment.

Enlightened Despots

Monarchs like Frederick II, Catherine II, and Joseph II who applied reason to governance while maintaining power.

Causes of the French Revolution

Driven by the Three Estates system, financial crisis, and Enlightenment ideas.

Liberal Phase (1789)

Characterized by the formation of the National Assembly and the Declaration of the Rights of Man.

Radical Phase (1792)

Dominated by the Jacobins and Robespierre; marked by the Reign of Terror and total war.

Women in the French Revolution

Olympe de Gouges advocated for women's visibility, yet they were largely excluded from political rights.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Established the Napoleonic Code, concordat with the Church, and declared himself Emperor.

The Fall of Napoleon

The failure of the Continental System and the catastrophic defeat in the Invasion of Russia in 1812.

Nationalism

A sentiment sparked by Napoleon's conquests, leading to a rise in national identity and resistance.

Congress of Vienna (1815)

Led by Metternich, aimed to restore Balance of Power and Conservative Order post-Napoleon.

Romanticism

A reaction against rationalism, emphasizing emotion, nature, and nationalism in the arts.

Haitian Revolution (1804)

Led by Toussaint L'Ouverture; marked the first successful slave revolt and challenged European racial ideologies.