slides questions chp 4,5,6 and quizzes

Which of the following takes place in the large intestine?

a. The majority of carbohydrate digestion

b. The majority of carbohydrate absorption

c. Fiber attracting water

d. The presences of maltase, sucrase, lactase, and pancreatic amylase

c

Which food will help improve aspects of health because of their low glycemic response?

a. Corn tortillas

b. Watermelon

c. White rice

a. corn tortillas

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans urge consumers to limit intake of added sugar to:

a. 5 percent of total kcal/day.

b. 8 percent of total kcal/day.

c. 10 percent of total kcal/day.

d. 20 percent of total kcal/day.

C. 10 percent of total kcal/day

Fatty acids always have an (odd/even) number of carbons.

even

Triglycerides consist of a _______ and three fatty acid tails.

glycerol (NOT RELATED TO GLYCOGEN)

Unsaturated fats are called such because:

a. They are missing hydrogens.

b. They have more hydrogens than saturated fats.

c. They have a double bond.

d. They always have multiple double bonds.

c. They have a double bond.

The presence of at least one double bond makes a fat unsaturated. Not every carbon is “saturated” with hydrogens and therefore must form a double bond.

Which fatty acids tend to be solid at room temperature?

a. Unsaturated

b. Saturated

B. Saturated

Saturated fats tend to be solid because their tails are straight and they “stack” well, for example, butter. Fats with a double bond have “kinked” chains; they don’t “stack” and form liquids, for example, oil.

Fats spoil when exposed to oxygen. Polyunsaturated fats spoil most readily.

Which of the following are true of sterols? Phospholipids?

a. Cholesterol

b. For example, lecithin

c. Soluble in fat and water

d. For example, vitamin D

e. Form cell membranes

f. Structural component in cell membranes

Sterols:

A. Cholesterol

D. For example, vitamin D

F. Structural component in cell membranes

Phospholipids:

B. For example, lecithin

C. Soluble in fat and water

E. Form cell membranes

Which of the following are absorbed directly into the bloodstream?

a. Glycerol and short-chain fatty acids

b. Short and medium-chain fatty acids

c. Glycerol and short- and medium-chain fatty acids

d. None, they are all first transported in the lymph.

C. Glycerol and short- and medium-chain fatty acids

All three of these are small enough to easily cross into intestinal cells and then enter the bloodstream.

1. Made in the liver, then shrink in the bloodstream as cells take up triglycerides

2. Higher in cholesterol, lower in triglycerides; taken up by cells after binding to receptors

3. Contain the highest amount of triglyceride and are therefore the least dense

4. Carry cholesterol back to the liver for recycling or excretion

Match these

a. Chylomicrons

b. Very-low-density lipoproteins

c. Low-density lipoproteins

d. High-density lipoproteins

A. Chylomicrons = Contain the highest amount of triglyceride and are therefore the least dense

B. Very-low-density lipoproteins = Made in the liver then shrink in the bloodstream as cells take up triglycerides

C. Low-density lipoproteins = Higher in cholesterol, lower in triglycerides; taken up by cells after binding to receptors

D. High-density lipoproteins = Carry cholesterol back to the liver for recycling or excretion

How much of the body’s ongoing energy is supplied by fat during times of rest?

a. 20 percent

b. 40 percent

c. 60 percent

d. 80 percent

c. 60 percent

Fat supplies about 60 percent of the body’s ongoing energy needs during rest. During prolonged light to moderately intense exercise, fat may make a slightly greater contribution to energy needs. As exercise intensity increases, fat contributes less (and carbohydrate contributes more) to the fuel mix.

Which statement about amino acids is correct?

a. Nonessential amino acids may become essential under certain conditions.

b. All amino acids are essential.

c. Essential amino acids are made in the body.

d. The terms nonessential and conditionally essential are interchangeable.

A. Nonessential amino acids may become essential under certain conditions.

Nonessential amino acids are made in the body. Essential amino acids are those the body cannot make in significant quantities to meet needs. Conditionally essential amino acids are those that are usually nonessential but, under certain conditions, must be supplied by the diet.

What is the process when a protein uncoils or loses its shape?

a. Dipeptide

b. Denaturation

c. Protease creation

d. Absorption

B. Denaturation

Denaturation is the change in a protein’s shape and consequent loss of its function brought about by heat, agitation, acid, base, alcohol, heavy metals, or other agents. An example of denaturation is cooking an egg or the curdling of milk.

Proteins are susceptible to heat and acid. An example of this process in the body is during digestion, when proteins are exposed to _______ acid.

a. dipeptide

b. denaturation

c. hemoglobin

d. hydrochloric

D. hydrochloric

Hydrochloric acid is present in the stomach. Hydrochloric acid uncoils (denatures) each protein’s tangled strands so that digestive enzymes can attack the peptide bonds. The hydrochloric acid also converts the inactive form of the enzyme pepsinogen to its active form, pepsin.

Match these:

a. The process of synthesizing mRNA

b. Protein-making factory of the cell

c. Another type of RNA that carries its amino acid to the mRNA

d. The overall process of making a protein

With these:

1. Ribosome

2. tRNA

3. Transcription

4. Gene expression

a. The process of synthesizing mRNA = Transcription

b. Protein-making factory of the cell = Ribosome

c. Another type of RNA that carries its amino acid to the mRNA = tRNA

d. The overall process of making a protein = Gene expression

Translation is the process occurring at the ribosome.

An error in the amino acid sequence alters the final protein.

The amino acid sequence determines shape or structure,

and this shape determines the function.

When nitrogen intake and output are equal, a person is in nitrogen _____.

Infants, children, and pregnant women are in a state of _____ nitrogen balance.

If protein is being lost and nitrogen excretion is greater than intake, a person is in a state of ______ nitrogen balance.

When nitrogen intake and output are equal, a person is in nitrogen equilibrium.

Infants, children, and pregnant women are in a state of positive nitrogen balance.

If protein is being lost and nitrogen excretion is greater than intake, a person is in a state of negative nitrogen balance.

Similar to fat and carbohydrates, protein is also easily stored in the body.

A. True

B. False

B. False

Proteins are not stored in the body. Recall from the amino acid pool that amino acids and proteins are in a constant state of flux or turnover.

3 monosaccharides

- glucose

- Galactose

- Fructose

what energy does brain prefer

glucose

Glycogen is stored in 2 places:

Liver cells and muscle cells

Liver produces what to break down fat:

bile

Unsaturated fats have at least one what:

one double bond

2 Essential fatty acids are:

linolenic acids and linoleic acids because the body cannot produce them

• linoleic (omega-6)

• linolenic (omega-3)

number of essential amino acids?

9

Building blocks of protein?

amino acids

antibodies are produced by the immune system in response to

antigens