GCSE AQA BIOLOGY: 4.2 Respiration

What is respiration?

An enzyme controlled process that breaks down glucose to release energy.

In what form is energy released?

ATP

How is energy lost during respiration?

Heat

What type of reaction is respiration?

Exothermic

What are the animal reasons for respiration?

Biosynthesis, muscle contraction and control of body temperature

What 2 types of respiration are there?

aerobic and anaerobic

What is aerobic respiration?

Aerobic respiration uses oxygen from the air to release energy from glucose.

What is anaerobic respiration?

the release of energy from glucose without using oxygen.

What is the energy released used to supply?

All living processes

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + energy

What is the formula for glucose?

C6H12O6

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?

Glucose -> lactic acid

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants?

Glucose —> ethanol + carbon dioxide

What is anaerobic respiration in yeast cells called?

Fermentation

Where does aerobic respiration occur?

mitochondria

Where does anaerobic respiration happen?

cytoplasm

Which respiration releases less energy?

anaerobic

Why does anaerobic respiration release less energy?

Glucose isn't fully broken down

What happens when lactic acid build up in the blood?

It changes the pH of the blood

What does lactic acid cause?

muscle fatigue and enzyme denaturation

What can we call lactic acid?

Toxic

What is fermentation used for?

To make bread and alcoholic drinks

What product helps bread production?

CO2 helps bread rise

Why does bread not contain alcohol?

It is burnt off in the oven

What product of fermentation is good for alcoholic beverages?

Ethanol

What happens during exercise?

Body demands more energy so rate of respiration needs to increase.

What increase during exercise?

Heart rate, Breathing rate and breath volume

Why do these factors increase in exercise?

To supply muscles with more oxygenation blood

What is made when there is a build of lactic acid?

An oxygen debt

How is lactic acid disposed of?

The liver converts lactic acid to glucose using oxygen.

How do you repay an oxygen debt?

Intake of more oxygen to help liver convert lactic acid into glucose.

If there is insufficient glucose what can muscles do?

Rapidly Convert glycogen in cells

What is the definition of muscle fatigue?

The stop of efficient contraction

What is metabolism?

sum of all chemical reactions in the body or a cell

What is biosynthesis?

the production of organic molecules using energy

Where do the monomers for biosynthesis come from?

Digestion

What are 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecule used for?

Production of lipids

What are lipids used for?

long term energy storage, cell membranes, insulation

What is glucose used for?

Respiration, and production of starch, cellulose and glycogen

What do glucose and nitrate ions make?

amino acids

What are amino acids used to make?

proteins

What are proteins used for?

Enzymes, structures, antibodies, hormones

What are the 4 functions of the liver?

Safely detoxifying blood, production of bile, production of urea, conversation of lactic acid, formation of red blood cells, store/form glycogen

How does the liver make new red blood cells?

Breaks down old red blood cells and stored iron until needed to make more

Why does the liver need to make new red blood cells?

They don't have a nucleus so can't pass on genetic information via mitosis