Hon Bio intro to CHEM ( Basile)

Know the symbols for the following elements: hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrog

H. O. C. N . S . P. Ca. Na. K. Cl

Know the formula for each of the following compounds: water, oxygen gas, carbon dioxide, glucose

 Water   H₂0

 oxygen gas   0₂

 carbon dioxide    CO₂

 Glucose C₆H₁₂0₆

How many electrons can the 1st energy level hold? The second energy level? The third energy level?

1 level 2

2 level 8

3 level 8

Why do elements ‘want’ to form a compound?

To fill their energy levels to balance out their systems

• Why does water act like a magnet but neither O₂  or CO₂ do

Water acts like a magnet because its bent shape creates distinct positive and negative sides, while $O_2$ and $CO_2$ do not because their symmetrical shapes share or balance their electrical charges equally.

• Use Bohr models to explain why water’s formula is H₂O.

The oxagen has two empty sets hat the hydroden wanys to fill

What are compounds called that contain C and H?

hydrocarbons.

Draw a Bohr model of C given that its atomic number is 6.

Why does carbon form so many large, complex structures?

Because Carbon is tiny and able to put many together and share because it is nice and wants to be kind

• What are macromolecules? What are the 4 groups of macromolecules?

Large Molecule or compound 4 main parts are Proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and lipids 

• How are monomers related to polymers?

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Monomers are tiny molecules that link together to make the huge polymer chains

Describe what happens during hydrolysis.

 This is the opposite of dehydration synthesis; water is added to the monomers letting the hydrogen and hydroxyl groups bond together and build a larger polymer

Describe what happens during dehydration synthesis.

2 monomers join to form a larger polymer, and a water molecule is released: the hydrogen from one and the oxygen from the other combine to form water

How is the structure of a carbohydrate different from the structure of a lipid?

Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio, usually forming ring-like sugar units that link into chains. Lipids, by contrast, have a glycerol backbone attached to Long fatty acid chains, contain far less oxygen, and are nonpolar, so they are water-insoluble 

How is the structure of a carbohydrate different from the structure of a protein?

Carbohydrates are built from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually as sugar rings or straight chains linked by glycosidic bonds. Proteins are made of amino acids that contain nitrogen and sometimes sulfur, connected by peptide bonds and folded into complex three-dimensional shapes

Carbohydrates  Elements and ratio, Function, Monomer:,  Examples

• Elements and ratio: C H O      1:2:1

• Function:   To gain quick energy 

• Monomer: Monosaccharides and glucose, C₆H₁₂O₆

• Examples: bread, pasta, sugar, and starches

What is the relationship between a monosaccharide and a polysaccharide?

Monosaccharides are the small individual Building Blocks made up of mainly sugars, while polysaccharides are many monosaccharides put together into a long chain

What is glucose’s formula?

C₆H₁₂0₆

What do the names of most sugars end in?

ose

Lipids  Elements and ratio, Function, Monomer:,  Examples

• Elements and ratio;  C , H ,O 1;2; very few  Froms lines 

• Function ; Long term energy used for Insulation 

• Monomer;   No  Monomer

• Examples;   Fats Oils waxs 

Protein Elements and ratio, Function, Monomer:,  Examples

• Elements:   C H O N 

• Function; Many speed up ractions , transfer items , defend against pathogens , Give structure 

• Monomer: Amino acids 

• Examples: Enzymes nuts beans

Nucleic acids Elements and ratio, Function, Monomer:,  Examples

• Elements:  C , H , O N  P 

• Function:   Gives Genetic infromasion which helps create proteins 

• Monomer :   Nucleotide 

• Examples:    DNA RNA