IAC Exam 2

Dolichocephalic

long-headed

Mesocephalic

Medium sized head

Brachycephalic

short head

Brachydont

Short crown to root ratio

Diphyodont

2 sets of teeth (deciduous and permanent)

Heterodont

4 different types of teeth

Anisognathous

Unequal jaw widths, in which the mandibular molar occlusal zone is narrower than the maxillary counterpart

Canine, feline, equine, and bovine

Self-cleaning effect of NORMAL occlusion to maintain oral health

Isognathous

Equal jaw widths, in which the premolars and molars of opposing jaws aligned with the occlusal surfaces facing each other

Man is an imperfect example

Pulp

• Connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics

Dentin

• Bulk of the mature tooth

Enamel

• Hardest, most mineralized tissue in the body

• Covers the crown

Cementum

Covers the root

Anatomy of the Periodontium

Cementum

Alveolar bone

Periodontal ligament

Gingiva

Anatomy of the Teeth

Crown

CEJ (Neck)

Furcation

Root

Furcation

Area between two or more root branches

(if there is only one root like a canine there is no furcation)

CEJ (Neck)

Where the enamel of the crown meets the cementum of the root

apical

direction toward the root (down)

Occlusion

How the teeth meet when the jaw is closed

How the teeth contact one another when chewing or biting

Five points of normal occlusion

5 Points of Normal Occlusion

Midline match & Head symmetry

Incisor overlap/relationship (scissor bite)

Canine interlock

Premolar interdigitation (Zig-Zag)

Carnassial overlap (carnassial/caudal molar alignment)

Carnassial

"Flesh cutting"

4th premolar in maxilla - 108/208

1st molar in mandible - 309/409

(Know that its the 8's and 9's)

Malocclusion

any deviation from the normal positioning of the upper teeth against the lower teeth

Eruption Schedules - Puppy Incisors deciduous

4-6 weeks

Eruption Schedules - Puppy Canines deciduous

3-5 weeks

Eruption Schedules - Puppy Premolars deciduous

5-6 Weeks

Eruption Schedules - Kitten Incisors deciduous

3-4 weeks

Eruption Schedules - Kitten Canine deciduous

3-4 weeks

Eruption Schedules - Kitten Premolar deciduous

5-6 weeks

Eruption Schedules - Puppy Incisors Permanent

12-16 weeks

Eruption Schedules - Puppy Canine Permanent

12-16 weeks

Eruption Schedules - Puppy Premolars Permanent

16-20 weeks

Eruption Schedules - Puppy Molars Permanent

16-24 weeks

Eruption Schedules - Kitten Incisors Permanent

11-16 weeks

Eruption Schedules - Kitten Canine Permanent

12-20 weeks

Eruption Schedules - Kitten Premolars Permanent

16-20 weeks

Eruption Schedules - Kitten Molar Permanent

20-24 weeks

How many total dog deciduous teeth are there

28

How many total dog permanent teeth are there

42

How many total cat permanent teeth are there

30

How many total cat deciduous teeth are there

26

Types of Teeth

Incisors

Canines

Premolars

Molars

Triadan Numbering System - Right Upper

Right upper permanent - 1xx

Right upper deciduous - 5xx

Triadan Numbering System - Left Upper

Left upper permanent - 2xx

Left upper deciduous - 6xx

Triadan Numbering System - Right Lower

Right lower permanent - 4xx

Right lower deciduous - 8xx

Triadan Numbering System - Left Lower

Left lower permanent - 3xx

Left lower deciduous - 7xx

Maxilla teeth numbering

1xx and 2xx

Mandible teeth numbering

3xx and 4xx

Coronal

towards the crown

Occlusal

Incisal

Distal to the tooth

backside of tooth (away from midline)

Mesial to the tooth

frontside of the tooth (toward midline)

Buccal to the tooth

towards the cheek side of the tooth

Palatal to the tooth

towards the palate side of the tooth

Infraorbital foramen is on what part of the skull

Maxilla

Middle Mental foramen is on what part of the skull

Mandible - more rostral (near the front of the mandible)

Mandibular foramen is on what part of the skull

Mandible - more caudal (at the backend of the mandible)

Palatine Foramen is on what part of the skull

Maxilla - Specifically the palate area

Concentrates

are highly digestible feedstuffs that are high in energy and low in fiber. Concentrates are typically 80 to 90 percent digestible. Common concentrates are cereal grains and oil meals.

Cereal grains include corn, wheat, barley, and oats.

Oil meals include soybean meal, linseed meal, and cottonseed meal.

Roughages

Feedstuffs that are high in fiber, low in energy, and are typically only 50 to 65 percent digestible.

Roughages include hay or pasture grasses, straw, grazed forages, and silage.

Monogastrics

one simple stomach that secretes acid resulting in a low

gastric pH (1.5 to 2.5)

better adapted to eat rations high in concentrates and cannot digest large amounts of fiber. Examples include humans, dogs, cats and pigs.

Ruminants

large stomach divided into four compartments (rumen,

reticulum, omasum, and abomasum)

consume large amounts of roughage and low amounts of concentrates.

Examples include cattle, goats, and sheep.

Ruminants produce how much saliva a day

100-150 liters

Ruminants chew their cud on average per day

6-8 times per day

The average rumen holds more than how many gallons

25 gallons and is located on the left side of the animal.

Ruminants begin digestion in the

rumen before their true stomach (abomasum)

rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum

Pseudo-ruminant/Hindgut fermenters

one simple stomach but can consume large amounts of roughage due to fermentation of plant materials that occurs in the hindgut (large intestine or cecum). They are also able to eat concentrates and grains.

horses and rabbits

Taurine is an essential amino acid for

CATS

a taurine deficiency results in

dilated cardiomyopathy or retinal degeneration

Grain-free or BEG (Boutique, Exotic, Grain-Free) diets in canines were previously suspected to be the potential cause of

cardiovascular disease in non-predisposed dogs (non hereditary dilated cardiomyopathy)

Now, diets containing high levels of pulses (peas, lentils, chickpeas, and dried beans) are suspected

Polioencephalomalacia is due to

thiamine deficiency

Polioencephalomalacia affects primarily

young ruminants causing neurologic dysfunction and blindness

Lush green pastures can cause problems for lactating cows especially because

often has lower levels of magnesium and cannot meet the

increased magnesium demands resulting in convulsions, respiratory collapse, and death

Known as Grass Tetany

Our usage of horses has changed over time to promote what type of feeding

meal feeding rather than frequent grazing

This can promote gastric ulceration in horses

The Labrador Lifetime study suggests labradors within the study that were maintained at a lean body condition throughout their life lived

15% longer or 1.8 years longer than those who were overweight or obese

Horses and ruminants only masticate on

one side of their mouth at a time and repetitive chewing wears the teeth down to an almost flat surface

Ruminants do not have

upper incisors, only an upper dental pad and use the tongue as the main prehensive organ

Salivary enzymes in monogastrics begin the digestion of

Starches

In dogs, cattle and sheep - the entire muscular layer of the esophagus is

striated, allowing for regurgitation of food

In cats, horses and humans - the proximal esophagus is

striated while the remainder is smooth muscle.

The rumen, one portion of their stomach, is responsible for

production and absorption of volatile fatty acids produced from fermentation by bacteria that serves as a primary energy source.

The ileum serves to absorb

vitamin B12, bile salts and any additional nutrients

Large intestine primary function

water absorption and storage of fecal material

In horses, the large intestine encompasses

~50% of the total volume of the digestive tract and is the main site for microbial digestion and fermentation

Horses obtain as much as 75% of their energy requirements from absorption of volatile fatty acids produced from fermentation in the colon

Horses are adapted to

small frequent meals with a smaller stomach and a much

larger large intestine where hindgut fermentation occurs to enable them to utilize the plant material consumed

The stomach and small intestine in the horse is often referred to the

foregut and is ~37% of the capacity of the digestive system

The cecum and colon (large and small) in the horse are often referred to as the

hindgut and is ~63% of the capacity of the digestive system

Why do horses seldom vomit

Because of the small size of the stomach (~10% of capacity of the total digestive tract) in horses and the significant lower esophageal tone

overeating can cause excess gas production and possible stomach rupture

Important in most horses to feed small amounts how many times daily

2-4 times daily

~70% of the horse's energy is derived from

VFA synthesis in the colon

Reticulum

second segment is small pouch off to the side of the

rumen that traps foreign material such as wire, nails, and other dense (often non-digestible) material

Omasum

third compartment which primary function is to absorb water

Abomasum

fourth compartment and "true" stomach which produces enzymes and acids to further digest the proteins from the food and microbes. The pH of the abomasum is much lower than that of the previous 3 compartments (2-3).

main function of the large intestine in ruminants is to

absorb water and is the main site of mineral absorption.

Bacteria also grow and reproduce here and produce key nutrients such as vitamin K

Cats are

obligate carnivores

Cats in the wild eat how many times a day

4-6 small, high protein meals daily

House cats are often provided higher carbohydrate kibble to graze out of convenience for owners

Malocclusion Class 2

Overbite (brachygnathism)

Malocclusion Class 3

Underbite (prognathism)

Anterior crossbite

maxillary incisors are lingual to the mandibular incisors

incisors

Caudal crossbite

A malocclusion in which one or more of the mandibular cheek teeth is buccal to the opposing maxillary cheek teeth when the mouth is closed.

premolars

Common breeds with type 3 malocclusion

Persians, bulldog

Forage

vegetation or crops fed to livestock that is efficiently used by their GIT

Types of forage

• Fresh: grasses, legumes, pasture

• Dried: hay and other plant materials

• Ensile: silage or haylage