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A review and synthesis of the literature
Expectational gaps
Fundamental unit of analysis for an issue
Type 1. what is vs. what is
Facts, as viewed by two groups
Type 2. what is vs. what ought to be
Conformance, as viewed by one group
Type 3. what ought to be vs. what ought to be
Ideals, as viewed by two groups
Three drivers of change
Corporate performance changes
Societal expectations changes
Both change, but not in the same pace/direction
Expectational gap life cycle
Early
Trigger
Middle
Resolution
Late
Future paths
The issue can reemerge, stay resolved, or die
Issue management
Proactive and focuses on the long-term impact of resolutions to gaps