IAFS Exam 1

Transnational

Events and outcomes not limited by state borders

Integral

Concerned with what unites rather than divides

• Nature of decision making

Inclusive

Works to engage multiple perspectives from multiple geographic concentrations

Interdisciplinary

Looks at world from varying academic disciplines

Globalization

Process by which the political, economic, social, and cultural links become further integrated

Westphalian System

Respect for state boundaries: sovereignty

Non-interference in the internal affairs of states: self-determination

Sovereignty

Independent control and lawmaking authority over a territory

Self-determination

Right of peoples to freely determine their political status and pursue economic, social, and cultural development

Great Powers

States with sufficiently large militaries and economies that could pursue continental and global interests

Superpowers

Sovereign state that holds a dominant position through ability to exert influence and power on global scale

End of History

Idea that “liberalism” had won and the world was on a path to democracy and capitalism because there were no other viable alternatives

War

Period of sustained, coordinated violence involving states, non-state actors, and/or groups within states

Declining War Hypothesis

We live in an era of unprecedented peace

• Evolution, MAD, democratic peace, international laws/institutions/norms

Peace

Condition in which different parties are able to disagree without resorting to violence

Security

Condition in which people, values, and resources are protected from threats

• Often at state-level and national interests

Realism

Absence of overarching global government that can determine behavior of state and non-state actors: anarchy

• All nations are working to increase their own power, and those countries that manage to hold power will thrive and dominate less powerful nations

Liberalism

States are more cooperative and can be mutually beneficial, not always bound to be in conflict with one another

The Five Levels of Analysis

Levels of war: individual (single leaders), substate (small groups), nation-state (states), dyadic (relationship between states), global system (many states)

Democratic Peace

Argument and theory that democracies do not fight each other

• Lower perceived threat, lower perception of success, higher cost, morally wrong

Capitalist Peace

Argument and theory that capitalist states that are economically tied together are unlikely to go to war

• Repeated cooperation, reduces state role in economy, generates interdependence

International Organizations

Institutions created to promote cooperation between and among states

International Law

Set of values governing relations among states, often through treaties

Anarchy

Idea that the world lacks any supreme authority or sovereignty

Collective Action Problems

Problems that arise when it is in our best interests to cooperate, but our individual self interest to not cooperate

Integration

Process by which supranational institutions replace national ones

• Shifting of sovereignty from national to regional/global institutions

Intergovernmentalism

Nation states coming together and making efforts to integrate

• Member states still retain sovereignty and decision making directly done by member states

Supranationalism

Integration that creates institutions beyond governments of member states

• Member states create institutions that have authority over member states and can act independently of member state preferences

Peacekeepers

Job is to keep peace between warring parties, only are able to engage in self defense and monitor ceasefires/broker agreements

Deepening vs. Widening

Continued integration to further specific policy area, expanding powers, and reach of existing institutions/bodies vs. inclusion of new members

• Pursuing either makes other harder to do

Universalism

All humans possess an equal set of rights, regardless of who they are, where they live, or where they come from

Relativism

View that human rights are culturally relative, there is no one size fits all set of rights

Humanitarianism

General concern for welfare of humans and protection of human rights

Nation-States

State in which a single nation dominates and the language, culture, borders of state are connected to the nation

Stateless Nation

Ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own sovereign state

Civic Nationalism

Linked to democracy, liberalism, and inclusivity, as well as residency and citizenship

Ethnic Nationalism

Ideology that associates a person’s identity with the nation of their ancestral lineage, asserting the rights to govern and inhabit specific territories derived from genetic heritage

Democratic Consolidation

Democracy has monopoly on legitimacy

• Support for democracy among citizens, week or no antidemocratic movements, respect for rules and rule of law

Third Wave

Democratization seemed to happen all at once or not at all

• Swept through Latin America and East Europe during 80s, Catholicism’s endorsement, fall of communism

Third Reverse Wave

Democratic decline and rise of authoritarian shifts

Democratic Backsliding

Gradual erosion of democratic institutions through legal pathways

• Executive aggrandizement

• Strategic manipulation

Democratic Deconsolidation

De-monopolization of democracy as the sources of legitimacy for a government

Electoral Authoritarian Regime

Formal democratic institutions are viewed as the principal means of obtaining and exercising political authority

Primordialism

Belief that culture is “fixed” and inherited

• Culture is not objective, tangible thing that is unchangeable

Constructivism

Belief that culture is socially constructed and learned over time

• Cultures/values are subjective, malleable, evolve

Global Culture

Beliefs and values that are found almost everywhere in the world

Cultural Imperialism

Imposition of cultural elements by those in power, replacing social traditions

Cultural Homogenization

Process where different cultures increasingly come to resemble one another and share common elements

• Driven by globalization and growing interconnectedness

Cultural Hybridization

Process where different cultures increasingly come into contact with each other and “mix” to create something new

• ex. Yoga culture in US

Glocalization

Adoption of global cultural elements with local influence and uniqueness

International Norms

Shared expectations about what constitutes appropriate behavior held by a community of actors

Social Identity Theory

People categorize themselves and derive self esteem from group membership

• Minimal differences can create group biases

• Favor in-group and discriminate out-group

Elite Manipulation Theory

Elites construct in-groups and out-groups and raise salience of societal differences to mobilize individuals

• How you see yourself is imposed on by salient social divides that are cultivated by elite cues

Ethnocentrism

Viewing or judging other cultures and identities from perspective of ones own

Multiculturalism

Belief in society made up of multiple cultures and recognition of those cultures

Contact Theory

Increased contact/exposure between social groups reduces prejudices between groups

• Groups must be equal status, shared goals, cooperation, and institutional support

Group Threat Theory

Majority groups react negatively when minorities are seen as growing in size/influence which creates perceived threats

• Include loss of economic status, political dominance, cultural identity

State

Territorial unit, use of force in the territory

• Legal and political classification

Nation

Informal group of people not bound by particular border

• Cultural and historic classification

Negative Peace

Absence of war

Positive Peace

Sustained peace by efforts to promote constructive resolutions to disagreements