Functional Groups

Alkane

A hydrocarbon consisting of only carbon and hydrogen with single bonds.

Alkene

A hydrocarbon with at least one double bond between carbon atoms.

Alkyne

A hydrocarbon with at least one triple bond between carbon atoms.

Alcohol

A functional group characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a carbon.

Ether

A compound featuring an oxygen atom connected to two carbon atoms (C-O-C).

Aldehyde

A functional group with a carbon double-bonded to oxygen and also attached to a hydrogen (-CHO).

Ketone

A compound with a carbon double-bonded to oxygen (C=O) between two other carbon atoms.

Carboxylic Acid

A functional group that consists of a carbon double-bonded to oxygen and attached to a hydroxyl group (-COOH).

Ester

A compound formed from the reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol, characterized by a carbonyl adjacent to an ether (-C(O)O-).

Amine

A functional group containing nitrogen attached to one or more carbon atoms (-NH₂).

Amide

A compound containing a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to a nitrogen atom (NH₂), derived from carboxylic acids.

Nitrile

A functional group that consists of a carbon atom triple-bonded to a nitrogen atom (-C≡N).

Haloalkane

A compound consisting of a carbon atom bonded to a halogen atom (C-X), where X is F, Cl, Br, or I.