Classical and Romantic Music: Symphonies, Forms, Composers & Genres
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49 Terms
Four movements of a Classical symphony
Fast, slow, minuet and trio, fast finale
Who composed Symphony No. 94, the Surprise Symphony?
Joseph Haydn
What is famous about Haydn's Surprise Symphony?
A sudden loud chord in the second movement
Who composed Symphony No. 40 in G minor, K. 550?
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
What is sonata form?
Exposition, development, and recapitulation
What is a double exposition in a piano concerto?
The orchestra presents themes first, then the soloist presents them
Who composed Symphonie fantastique?
Hector Berlioz
What is an idée fixe?
A recurring theme representing a beloved person or idea
What happens in Symphonie fantastique's fifth movement?
Witches' sabbath, distorted idée fixe, Dies irae, bells, and fugue
What is program music?
Instrumental music intended to tell a story or depict something
What is cyclicism?
Recurring musical ideas connect movements or sections of a work
Who composed the Eroica Symphony?
Ludwig van Beethoven, Symphony No. 3 in E-flat major
What is innovative about Beethoven's Symphony No. 9?
The finale includes vocal soloists and a chorus
What does attacca mean?
Continue directly into the next movement without a pause
What are Beethoven's three creative periods?
Early through 1802; middle 1803-1816; late after 1816
What is a character piece?
A short instrumental work expressing a mood or idea, often with a title
Who composed Carnaval and Kinderszenen?
Robert Schumann
What is a nocturne?
A lyrical piano piece associated with a night-time mood
Who helped establish the nocturne genre?
John Field; Chopin later developed it
What is tempo rubato?
Flexible timing for expressive musical interpretation
What is a polonaise?
A stately Polish dance, commonly in triple meter
What is a mazurka?
A Polish folk-style dance, commonly in triple meter
What are Lieder?
German art songs, usually for voice and piano
What is strophic form?
Each stanza uses the same music
What is modified strophic form?
Stanzas use mostly the same music with some changes
What is through-composed form?
Music changes throughout the text instead of repeating each stanza
What is rondo form?
A main theme returns between contrasting episodes
Who wrote the poems for Die schöne Müllerin and Winterreise?
Wilhelm Müller
What does the piano imitate in Gretchen am Spinnrade?
A spinning wheel
Who composed Gretchen am Spinnrade?
Franz Schubert
What is an Alberti bass?
A broken-chord accompaniment pattern, often low-high-middle-high
Who was Joseph Bologne, Chevalier de Saint-Georges?
A Black French composer, violinist, conductor, and skilled fencer
What types of music did Joseph Bologne compose?
Concertos, symphonies, symphonies concertantes, chamber music, and operas
Who was Clara Schumann?
A Romantic pianist and composer who faced gender barriers
What Clara Schumann work is on the exam list?
Piano Trio in G minor, Movement 3
What is opera buffa?
Comic opera, often featuring everyday characters and social satire
What is opera seria?
Serious opera, often involving noble or mythological characters
What is Singspiel?
German musical theater with spoken dialogue
Who wrote the libretto for The Marriage of Figaro?
Lorenzo da Ponte
How do Haydn and Mozart's symphonic styles differ?
Haydn often uses wit and experimentation; Mozart blends lyricism, balance, and drama
How did Beethoven bridge Classical and Romantic music?
He expanded musical scale, emotional contrast, structure, and expression
What is a song cycle?
A group of related songs intended to be heard together
What is the Dies irae in Symphonie fantastique?
A chant associated with the Day of Judgment, used in the fifth movement
What is the form of Beethoven's Pathétique Sonata, Movement 3?
Rondo form, with a returning main theme
What is the Heiligenstadt Testament?
A personal letter describing Beethoven's struggles with hearing loss
What is the instrumentation of a Classical string quartet?
Two violins, viola, and cello
What is a symphonie concertante?
An orchestral work featuring two or more soloists
What is a motive?
A short, recognizable musical idea that can be repeated or developed
How does Classical music often differ from Romantic music?
Classical music often emphasizes balance and clarity; Romantic music often emphasizes individual expression