AP Gov Unit 3

Bill of Rights

Protects individual freedom by limiting the federal government

Civil Liberties

Guaranteed personal freedoms

Establishment Clause

No official religion or better treatment for a religion

Engel v. Vitale

States cannot promote prayer in public school, even if participation is voluntary

Free exercise clause

The right to practice religion of your choice

Wisconsin v. Yoder

Forcing Amish students to attend public school beyond eighth grade violates the free exercise clause

Tinker v. Des Moines

Students have free speech; symbolic speech is pure speech

Protected speech

Speech protected by government; symbolic speech and hate speech

Schenck v. United States

Speech can be limited if it creates a clear and present danger; time, place, and manner restrictions on speech

Unprotected speech

Speech not protected by government; libel, slander, obscenity, speech intended to incite illegal action

NYT v. United States

Government couldn’t block publication of the Pentagon Papers

Due process clause, 14th Amendment

No state can’t deprive persons from life, liberty, or law without due process

Selective Incorporation

Application of the B.O.R to the states; also restricts state governments

McDonald v. Chicago

Incorporated an individual’s right to bear arms

Gideon v. Wainwright

Incorporated the right to an attorney

Miranda rule

Suspects must be informed of their 5th and 6th amendment rights that are in custody

Right of privacy

Not enumerated in Bill of Rights; established and incorporated in Griswold v. Connecticut

Roe v. Wade

Established and incorporated a right to an abortion; based on right of privacy

Civil rights

Protection of groups of people from discrimination

Equal protection clause

States must apply laws equally and cannot treat people arbitrarily or discriminatorily without a valid reason

Letter from Birmingham Jail

People have moral responsibility to actively break unjust laws through nonviolent direct action rather than waiting passively for justice through gradual change

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Banned discrimination on race, color, gender, religion, or national origin in public accommodations or employment

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Banned literacy tests and other voting obstacles to vote; required states with previous history of voter discrimination to obtain federal approval for changes to election laws and policies

Brown v. Board of Education

Racially segregated schools violate the 14th Amendment, overturning Plessy v. Ferguson

Equal Pay Act of 1963

Guaranteed equal pay for equal work for women

Title XI of the Educational Amendments Act of 1972

Prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any federally funded education program

Plessy v. Ferguson

Legalized segregation/Jim Crow Laws

Shaw v. Reno

Equal protection clause is colorblind

Colorblind constitution

Equal protection clause bans any policy that makes racial distinction, even if they’re intended to help minorities

Affirmative Action

Preferential admissions and hiring policies for minorities; allowed but no quota system, no points awarded for race