sheet metal

punching

where the sheard slug is scrap

blanking

where the slug is the part to be used and the rest is scraped

slitting

blades follow a straight line or circular path; similar to opening a can

shaving

if a sheared edge is not acceptable it can be shaved

laser beam

process used to cut a variety of shapes consistently without the use of dies

water jet

process used to cut metallic and nonmetallic metals

band saw

process used to remove chips

friction sawing

process that uses a disk or blade which rubs against the sheet or plate at high surface speeds

flame cutting

process used for thick plates (like ships/structural components)

the stronger the metal

the smaller the grain size

crystallographic anisotrophy

preferred orientation of the grains

mechanical fibering

alignment of impurities, imclusions, and voids throughout the thickness of the sheet

beading

the periphery of the sheet metal is bent into the cavity of a die

flanging

process of bending the edges of sheet metals, usually to 90 deg

roll forming

process used for forming continuous lengths of sheet metal

earing

when the edges of cups become wavy; larger they are, the higher the cost

draw beads

used to control the flow of the blank into the cavity die; useful in drawing box-shaped and non-symmetric parts

large die radii, lube, proper blank size and shape, proper design and location of draw bead

to avoid tearing incorporate these factors: