Iconoclasm

Religious Divisions

Dutch Republic becomes protestant (Dutch declaration of independence was against catholic inquisition and saw the edicts of the council of trent as a violation of their rights) ; south is Catholic under Spain

Political

Self-ruled since Union of Utretcht —> Dutch Republic // Ruled by Spanish

Geographic

Border remains porous as seen by BRower

Crucifixion

Subject: Jesus and Mary and John

Style: Jesus looks statueesque— reminder that iconoclasm is ok. Flat blood, aware that it is a 3d image

Audience: For Catholics

Massacre of the Innocents

Subject: Sort of picture historae where King Herold orders all boys under 2 to be slaughteered. Going against spain; Heroic Dutch women, heavy architeture is Haarlem

Style: Mannerist, uncomfortable amounts of nude, vampire man

Audience: Governmental building

Siege = heroism culture

The Descent from the Cross

Subject: Jesus. Biblically accurate as per the Council of Trent; Mary is brave based on Gospel of St. John. Man bitting cloth is like eucharist.

Style: Tenebristic beings in, pushes subject forward, reminisent of ven der Weygen laying claim to tradition.

Audience: Masses, replacing iconoclased

Portrait of WIlliam of Orange

Subject: William and Charolottes were rebels against the Spanish. WIlliam is dressed for battle. Depictions of God are just Protestant— written in Hebrew in the sun. Leader of the Dutch Revolt against Spain

Style:

Audience:

Miracles of St. Xavier

Subject: Counter reformation, establishing sainthood. Drowned baby being brought back to life. Blind man being healed. Pointing up to heaven to show where he gets his powers from. Heavenly light frerezing pagans.

Style: Drama shows power. More chiascuro than tenebrism.

Audience: Jesuit church. Get Xavier accepted into canon.