K103 Lab: Chordata and Bones

notochord (backbone in vertebrates), dorsal nerve chord (spinal cord), closed circulation, bilateral symmetry

what are the general characteristics of phylum chordata?

cephalochordata, urochordata, vertebrata

what are the subphylum under chordata?

cephalochordates

what are the closest living relatives of vertebrates?

a cephalochordate-like ancestor

what is likely the origin of true vertebrates?

marine dwellers, segmented bodies, oral cirri

what are the characteristics of cephalochordata?

hair-like projections surrounding mouth of cephalochordates that help with filter feeding and have a sensory role

what are oral cirri?

the notochord

what extends throughout the body of cephalochordates?

aquatic and terrestrial, distinct head and trunk, well developed brain/sensory organs, closed circulatory system

what are the characteristics of vertebrates?

reptiles, amphibians, birds, mammals

what are some examples of vertebrates?

by cartilage/vertebrate structures

how is the head and trunk of adult vertebrates supported?

send a signal

what does the dorsal nerve chord do?

it is surrounded by dirt/substrate, sticks halfway out of ground

in cephalochordates, what is significant about the tail end?

axial

is the skull axial or appendicular?

support, protection, movement, mineral homeostasis, blood cell production, and triglyceride storage

what are the functions of the skeletal system?

long, flat, short, irregular, sesamoid

what are the kinds of bone classification?

small, round, flat bones, example is patella

what are sesamoid bones?

whole bone, cortical bone, osteon, single lamella, mineralized collagen fibril, mineral crystal

break the parts of a bone down, going from macrostructure to nanostructure

cortical (compact) and trabecular (spongy)

what are the two types of bone tissue?

1- proximal epiphysis

2- metaphysis

3- diphysis

4- metaphysis

5- distal epiphysis

label 1-5 in the picture

1- articular cartilage

2- spongy bone

3- epiphyseal line

4- red bone marrow

5- endosteum

6- compact bone

7- medullary cavity

8- yellow bone marrow

9- periosteum

10- nutrient artery

11- articular cartilage

label 1-11 in the photo

a fundamental functional unit of compact bone

what is an osteon?

central canal in osteon, cerebrospinal fluid filled space, contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

what is the central/haversian canal?

concentric layers of compact bone tissue

what are lamellae?

space between osteons, includes interstitial lamellae

what is the interstitial system?

remnants of osteons partially absorbed during bone remodeling

what are interstitial lamellae?

1- canal

2- lamellae

3- interstitial system

label 1-3 in the photo

1- osteon

2- lamellae

3- osteon of compact bone

4- trabeculae of spongy bone

5- haversian canal

label 1-5 in the photo

synovial, cartilaginous, fibrous

what are the basic joint classifications?

membranous sac filled with synovial fluid, full range of motion, freely moveable

what are synovial joint?

knee, elbow, shoulder, hip, finger, and toe joints

give examples of synovial joints

cartilage connects neighboring bones, semi moveable

what are cartilaginous joints?

pubic symphysis and between vertebrae

give examples of cartilaginous joints

sheets of connective tissue between neighboring bones, hardest, immoveable

what are fibrous joints?

radius to ulna, tibia to fibula, cranial sutures

give examples of fibrous joints

synchondroses and symphyses

what are the types of cartilaginous joints?

joints united by hyaline cartilage

what are synchondroses joints?

bones united by fibrocartilage

what are symphyses joints?

epiphyseal plate and joint between first rib and sternum

what are examples of synchondroses joints?

joints between vertebrae and the pubic symphysis

what are examples of symphyses joints?

suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis

what are the types of fibrous joints?

joint held together with very short, interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock

what are suture joints?

only in the skull

where are suture joints found?

joint held together by a ligament, fibrous tissue can vary in length but is longer than in sutures

what are syndesmosis joints?

in the ankle, between tibia and fibula

where are syndesmosis joints found?

"peg in socket" fibrous joint

what are gomphosis joints?

teeth in the mandible and maxilla

where are gomphosis joints found?

planar, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball-and-socket

what are the types of synovial joints?

gliding, slight monaxia

what kind of movement do planar joints have?

intercarpal and intertarsal joints, acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints, vertebrocostal joints, sacro-iliac joints

what are examples of planar joints?

angular, monaxial

what kind of movement do hinge joints have?

elbow, knee, ankle, and interphalangeal joints

what are examples of hinge joints?

rotation, monaxial

what kind of movement to pivot joints have?

proximal radio-ulnar joints, atlanto-axial joints

what are examples of pivot joints?

angular, biaxial

what kind of movement do condyloid joints have?

radiocarpal joints, metacarpophalangeal joints II-V, metatarsophalangeal joints

what are examples of condyloid joints?

angular, biaxial

what kind of movement do saddle joints have?

first carpometacarpal joints

what are examples of saddle joints?

angular, circumduction, and rotation, triaxial

what kind of movement do ball-and-socket joints have?

shoulder and hip joints

what are examples of ball-and-socket joints?

space containing osteocytes in bone and chondrocytes in cartilage

what are lacunae?

hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage

what are the types of cartilage?

elastic cartilage

which cartilage type has the most lacunae?

1- hyaline cartilage

2- chondrocytes

3- lacunae

4- matrix

label 1-4 in the photo

hyaline cartilage

what is shown?

fibrocartilage

what is shown?

elastic cartilage

what is shown?

blue- hyaline

green- elastic

purple- fibro

label the cartilage types

generate collagen

what do fibroblasts do?

component of tendons and ligaments

what is white fibrous connective tissue?

main component of connective tissue

what is collagen?

unstained white fibrous connective tissue

what is shown in the photo?

H&E stained mammal tendon

what is shown in the photo?

pink- collagen fibers

purple- fibroblasts

label the pink and purple structures in the photo

8, 9, and 10

which ribs are false ribs?

11 and 12

which ribs are floating ribs?

1- true ribs

2- false ribs (8,9, and 10)

3- floating ribs (11 and 12)

4- false rib costal cartilage cap

label 1-4 in the photo

posterior view of the pectoral girdle

what is shown in the photo?

1- clavicle

2- scapula

label 1 and 2 in the photo

anterior view of the pectoral girdle

what is shown in the photo?

1- scapula

2- clavicle

label 1 and 2 in the photo

circles the whole body

what does girdle mean?

os coxa

what is the largest bone in the pelvic girdle?

red- os coxa

yellow- sacrum

blue- coccyx

label the photo

1- sacrum

2- ilium

3- pubis

4- ischium

label 1-4 in the photo

ilium, pubis, ischium

what are the 3 parts of the os coxa?