ClinPsy (ch4-6) Andrew Pomerantz

He put forth the argument that multiculturalism as the fourth force in the evolution of clinical/counseling field

Pedersen

participants in therapy efficacy studies who won't receive the treatment being studied are placed in one of these three conditions

no treatment, placebo treatment, and alternate treatment

Standard 3.05 of the APA states that multiple relationships can be unethical if it meets these two standards

1 impairment in the psychologist or 2 risks exploitation or harm to the client

the psychologists whom Mr. Poddar sought counseling with and who disclosed the latter's intent to harm Ms. Tarasoff

Dr. Lawrence Moore

the accreditation standards for doctoral programs listed the following criteria

(1) including people of diverse backgrounds among students and faculty

(2) educating students about the role of culture in the science and practice of professional psychology.

often called a "wait -list control" group

no treatment

a form seemingly harmless, innocent behavior that doesn't exactly fall within the professional relationship; these are often unethical but might set the stage for future behavior that is.

boundary crossing

the Tarasoff case was a well-known case involving the unfortunate demise of

Tatiana Tarasoff

refers to the success of a particular therapy in a "controlled study" conducted with clients who were chosen according to particular study criteria

efficacy

characteristics under the individual level of the tripartite model of personal identity

genetic endowment and nonshared experience

how well it works "in the lab"

efficacy

some kind of interpersonal interaction with a professional but with presumably therapeutic techniques deliberately omitted

placebo treatment

which of the following is NOT true about the participants in studying therapy efficacy:

a. those included are typically less severe

b. participants are randomly assigned

c. they are more likely to have comorbid diagnoses

d. more likely from minority populations

D. more likely from minority populations

- actually, they are less likely to be from minority populations than are comparable clients in actual clinical settings

refers to a psychologist's capabilities, skills, experience, and expertise to adequately perform their professional task

competence

defined as the counselor's acquisition of awareness, knowledge, and skills needed to function effectively in a multicultural population

cultural competence

this treatment is found to have strong efficacy for patients with panic disorder in a controlled, quasi-experimental setting

cognitive-behavioral therapy

from the Tarasoff case, this duty originated

duty to warn or duty to protect

in this condition, participants are offered another treatment which efficacy may be unknown

alternate treatment

refers to the success of a therapy in actual clinical settings in which client problems span a wider range, and clients are not chosen as a result of meeting certain diagnostic criteria

effectiveness

T or F: Multiculturalism, as a current dominant movement in clinical psychology, has overshadowed the previous three forces

False. unlike behaviorism and humanism which emerged as a response to psychoanalysis, Multiculturalism does not necessarily aim to dethrone any of the first three forces rather it enhances them through sensitivity and awareness of their application to various cultural backgrounds.

T or F: in cases of child abuse, psychologists primary responsibility remains upholding the confidentiality of the matter to prevent further escalation

False. some situations demand that the clinical psychologist's primary responsibility shift to the immediate prevention of harm which includes prioritizing the well-being of the child

tests how well the psychotherapy works "in the real world"

effectiveness

refers to a state of exhaustion that relates to engaging continually in emotionally demanding work that exceeds the normal stresses or psychological "wear and tear" of the job

Burnout

the items in this section are aspirational. they don't include specific definitions of ethical violations. Instead, they offer broad descriptions of exemplary ethical behavior

general principles

T or F: Statistically significant difference means that the two groups differ much in the real-world.

False. One must be careful when distinguishing statistical significance from clinical significance. Statistical significance does not necessarily mean clinical significance.

T or F: Scandinavian culture requires more involvement of family members in decision making than Arab culture

False

what are the four forces that have been broadly recognized as dominant paradigms in their respective eras? cite in order.

psychoanalysis, behaviorism, humanism/person-centered psychology, multiculturalism

refers to the extent to which the change in the dependent variable is due solely to the change in the independent variable

internal validity

The Standard 8.02 Informed Consent to Research of the APA instructs researchers to inform prospective participants about these aspects of the study

purpose, procedures, duration, risks, incentives for participation, and the right to decline or withdraw from participation

this standard entails that psychologists should offer information about the nature and purpose of the assessment; any relevant fees; the involvement of other parties, if any; and limits of confidentiality e.g. duty-to-warn or child abuse situations

Standard 9.03 Informed Consent in Assessments

A psychologist is experiencing increasing levels of burnout. Which of the following factors may contribute to their burnout?

A) Feeling overcommitted to a large caseload of clients, with limited time for self-care and personal activities.

B) Having a high sense of control over therapy sessions, leading to pressure to constantly meet client expectations.

C) Earning a relatively high salary, but feeling unfulfilled due to lack of meaningful connections with clients.

D) Maintaining a healthy work-life balance, with adequate time for relaxation and hobbies outside of work.

A) Feeling overcommitted to a large caseload of clients, with limited time for self-care and personal activities.

refers to the generalizability of the results--to what extent is the same finding valid for different settings and populations?

external validity

Why is cultural diversity a powerful force in the clinical and counseling field?

it shapes the way the client understands the very problem for which he or she is seeking help

what year does the American Psychological Association published its first code of ethics?

1953

this standard explains that psychologists inform clients/patients as early as feasible in the therapeutic rel. about the nature and anticipated course of therapy, fees, involvement of third parties, and limits of confidentiality..

Standard 10.01 Informed Consent to Therapy

which among the following statements is true:

a. efficacy studies have high external validity

b. effectiveness studies have strong internal validity

c. efficacy studies have strict participants criteria

d. effectiveness studies randomly assign participant in treatment or control group

c. efficacy studies have strict participants criteria

D.W. Sue and Sue (2008) argue that appreciation of all three levels is indeed the goal but this level has been overlooked traditionally in psychology, particularly among minority cultures. what is this level?

group level

T or F: Especially in psychotherapy, the informed consent process presents the clinical psychologist the chance to begin to establish a collaborative relationship with the client

True

refers to the efforts to promote therapies that have demonstrated effectiveness in treatment studies to large numbers of therapists

dissemination strategies

during this period, clinical psychology and related professions addressed the issue of cultural diversity by educating therapists and therapists-in-training on the importance of race and ethnicity

1970s

Division 44 of APA

Society for the Psychological Study of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Issues

T or F: Results of dissemination strategies show that therapists in clinical settings are less eager and resistant to accept and use evidence-based therapies than those on the research field

True

Dr. Rodriguez, despite her dedication, finds herself struggling to make ends meet due to her modest income as a psychologist. This financial strain has begun to impact her well-being. What factor is likely contributing to Dr. Rodriguez's burnout?

A) Feeling overcommitted to clients

B) Having a low sense of control over therapy

C) Earning a relatively low salary

D) Depersonalization of the work

Option C is correct. Dr. Rodriguez's financial strain resulting from her relatively low salary is likely contributing to her burnout. While options A and B can also contribute to burnout, in this scenario, the primary factor appears to be the low salary impacting her well-being.

Division 36 of APA

Psychology of Religion

T or F: internet-based, self-administered version of a clinical interview is consistent with an in-person interview with a live clinician in terms of diagnosing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

True. there is indeed, a strong correspondence between two interviews

these methods of dissemination strategies or promoting ebp among therapists are deemed to work in the future except:

a. testing clinicians on ebp competence

b. offering lists of ebp treatments

c. threatening lawsuits

d. requiring ebp for licensure or payment

b. offering lists of ebp treatments

- this is one of the methods that has not worked well in promoting ebp

in the tripartite model of personal identity, these are the group level similarities and differences

gender, race, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, age, marital status, geographic location, religious preference, ethnicity, culture, disability/ability

based on the premise that all individuals are, in some respects, like "all" other individuals

universal level

T or F: Psychologists feeling attracted to clients should never occur and be forbidden

False. Psychologists are humans too and studies have shown that such feelings do in fact occur. The important issue is how psychologists deal with such feelings: preferably by discussing them in consultation with other professionals or perhaps their own therapist, but certainly not by acting on them.

T or F: Female teachers and parents tend to rate higher the girls' ADHD symptoms due to their bias toward females

False. In fact, female teachers and parents provided consistently higher rating of the boys' symptoms than male teachers and parents

Dr. Martinez, juggling a heavy caseload, finds herself constantly rushing through therapy sessions to accommodate all her clients. She struggles to maintain a balance between meeting their needs and taking care of herself. What factor is most likely contributing to Dr. Martinez's burnout?

A) Feeling overcommitted to clients

B) Having a low sense of control over therapy

C) Earning a relatively low salary

D) Insufficient time for self-care

A) Feeling overcommitted to clients

T or F: Young and educated adults tend to report higher depressive symptoms in the interview than on the questionnaire (Levin-Aspenson & Watson, 2018)

False. They report lower depressive symptoms in the interview than on the questionnaire

two distinct sections featured in the APA code of ethics

general principles and ethical standards

Muñoz and Mendelson (2005) most empirically supported therapies were evaluated with samples drawn primarily from

white, middle class, English-speaking, female population

Dr. Smith has been seeing a client, Sarah, for several months for therapy sessions. Sarah is a young woman dealing with anxiety and relationship issues. Over time, Dr. Smith has noticed that he feels a growing sense of attraction towards Sarah. He finds her charming, intelligent, and empathetic, and he starts to realize that he looks forward to their sessions more than usual. Despite recognizing the ethical boundaries, Dr. Smith finds himself struggling with these feelings. What should Dr. Smith do in this situation?

A) Ignore his feelings and continue with therapy as usual, as long as he maintains professionalism during sessions.

B) Immediately terminate therapy with Sarah to avoid any potential ethical breaches.

C) Seek supervision or consultation with a colleague to discuss his feelings and gain guidance on how to manage them ethically.

D) Disclose his feelings to Sarah and let her decide if she wants to continue

C. Seeking supervision or consultation is essential in situations where a psychologist experiences feelings of attraction towards a client. It allows Dr. Smith to process his emotions, maintain professional boundaries, and ensure the integrity of the therapeutic relationship while upholding ethical standards.

T or F: the study of Hahn (2005) discovered that in MMPI-2, "fake-good" and "fake-bad" test takers were equally adequate in the North American and Korean versions of the test

True

examples of professional journals dedicated primarily to empirical studies of assessment issues in clinical psychology

Assessment, Psychological Assessment, Journal of Personality Assessment

in maximizing cultural sensitivity, some of these books are catering on a single population that are used to be less represented in literature.

Working With Asian Americans, Psychotherapy With Women, Counseling Muslims

What does the categorical perspective of paranoid personality imply?

a) It suggests that everyone possesses paranoid traits to some extent.

b) It views paranoid personality as existing on a continuum.

c) It treats paranoid personality as a distinct category with clear criteria for diagnosis.

d) It disregards the existence of paranoid personality altogether.

c) It treats paranoid personality as a distinct category with clear criteria for diagnosis.

- The categorical perspective sees paranoid personality as a distinct category, implying that individuals either meet the criteria for diagnosis or they do not.

Division 45 of APA

Society for the Study of Ethnic Minority Issues

Within the American Psychological Association, new divisions arise when:

a. crises in society necessitate more in-depth study of a certain area

b. the new leader finds a crucial area to give attention to

c. a subset of members recognizes a need to study or examine a specific topic in depth

d. to pacify cultural conflicts brought about by the lack of representation of minorities

c. a subset of members recognizes a need to study or examine a specific topic in depth

According to the dimensional perspective, paranoid personality:

a) Is strictly defined by a set of specific traits.

b) Is not influenced by environmental factors.

c) Exists along a spectrum, with individuals varying in the intensity of paranoid traits.

d) Is solely determined by genetic factors.

c) Exists along a spectrum, with individuals varying in the intensity of paranoid traits.

factors that increase psychologists' susceptibility to burnout are

feeling overcommitted to clients, having a low sense of control over the therapy, earning a relatively low salary

characteristics under universal level of the tripartite model of personal identity

homo sapiens, ability to use symbols, common life experiences, self-awareness, and biological and physical similarities

what is the key phrase in D.W. Sue and Sue's (2008) definition of cultural competence? they are also the three primary components of multicultural competence in clinical/counseling work.

"awareness, knowledge, and skills"

T or F: burnout is more likely among therapists who ruminates on the frustrating aspects of their work, have strong social support, and high levels of neuroticism.

False. burnout is less common among therapists who believe they have sufficient social support

uphold the premise that all individuals are, in some respects, like "some" other individuals

group level

includes understanding one's viewpoint, knowing one's values, assumptions, and biases, and exploring one's own personal reactions to cultural differences.

cultural self-awareness

T or F: studies have found that paranoid personality has a dimensional rather than categorical, underlying structure (Edens, Marcus, & Morey, 2009)

True

gaining knowledge about diverse cultures should be ___ which means psychologists must keep on learning through reading, direct experiences, relationships with people in various cultures, and other means.

continual

Division 51 of APA

Society for the Psychological Study of Men and Masculinity

T or F: correlational studies reveal that higher rates of therapist burnout are related to higher therapy outcomes in clients with depression and anxiety due to increased empathy of the psychologist.

False. Higher rates of therapist burnout is associated with lower therapy outcomes in clients with depression and anxiety due to disengagement by the therapists

T or F: Anorexia nervosa is not significantly related with ocpd and both don't have any predisposition toward the other

False. Anorexia nervosa overlaps significantly with ocpd and that individuals predisposed to one of them may be similarly predisposed toward the other.

based on the premise that all individuals are, in some respects, like "no" other individuals

individual level

T or F: Among psychologists, positive spillover i.e. sense of accomplishment at work is more common than negative spillover i.e. having work-related exhaustion

True

This general guideline instructs clinicians in various aspects of culture to assess clients, such as cultural identity, cultural conceptualization of distress, and cultural features of the relationship with the mental health professional.

Outline for Cultural Formulation

"Cultural and Individual differences and diversity" is a requirement for accreditation which applies to __, __, __.

doctoral programs, predoctoral internships, and postdoctoral internships

three levels of the tripartite model of personal identity

individual level, group level, and universal level

According to a study, personality assessment techniques that are most commonly included in the training experience are

MMPI, Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI), and Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory

As the ethical standard suggests, psychologists should take actions to prevent or minimize their own impairment (e.g. burnout). What are examples of such actions?

varying one's work responsibilities, keeping one's expectations reasonable, consulting with other professionals, maintaining a balanced and healthy personal life, or seek own psychotherapy

an experimental method follows these discrete, sequential steps

1 observation, 2 develop a hypothesis (define IC and DV), 3 empirical testing of the hypothesis, 4 interpret

(this is based on the book. other sources might be more comprehensive)

the individual adopts much of the new culture and retains much of the original

integration

test selection includes considering some factors such as

psychologist's competence; client's culture, language, and age; test's reliability and validity

involves random assignment of participants to either experimental or control group

randomized clinical trials (RCTs)

refers to the efforts to protect the security and integrity of the test materials used (e.g. prevent the questions, items, etc. from public knowledge)

test security

this should include not only the current lifestyle of the members of a culture but also their group's history, especially regarding major social and political issues e.g. history of African-Americans

cultural knowledge

in rct, the control group may receive

no treatment, placed on a waitlist, receive a placebo or nonspecific treatment, or receive a "standard" or "routine" stype of therapy

they proposed the tripartite model of personal identity

D.W. Sue and Sue (2008)

involves comparing two groups with each other, and each group with itself at different points in time

mixed-group design

Results showed that as exercise increases, symptoms of depression decrease. Which of the following is true?

a. the relationship is positive

b. exercises leads to less depressive symptoms

c. the correlation coefficient is +1

d. variables are negatively correlated

d. variables are negatively correlated

rcts are criticized for all except:

a. lack generalizability

b. oversimplification of clinical problems

c. reducing diagnoses to objective, measurable symptoms

d. lack of internal validity

d. lack of internal validity

- rcts are conducted in a controlled setting thus maximizing internal validity

when we say correlation does not necessarily imply causation, it implies all except:

a. either of the variables influenced the other

b. a third variable may have influenced them both

c. variable A may lead to B or vice versa

d. there is no relationship between the variables

d. there is no relationship between the variables

often conducted when neither an experiment nor a quasi-experiment is plausible. It examines the "relationship" that exists between two or more variables

correlational method

involves studying an approximation of the target client or situation as a substitute for the "real thing"

analogue design

involves a thorough and detailed examination of one person or situation. Typically it includes descriptive observations of an individual's behavior and an attempt by the researcher to interpret it.

case study

participants in different conditions receive entirely different treatments. It often involves two conditions or groups i.e. experimental condition and control group

between-group design

Which of the following research approaches is most akin to a case study in psychology?

a. A survey conducted to assess opinions on a political issue.

b. An observational study of children's behavior on a playground.

c. A randomized controlled trial investigating the effectiveness of a new medication.

d. An analysis of historical documents to understand societal trends.

d. An analysis of historical documents to understand societal trends.

- Case studies involve in-depth analysis of a single individual, group, or phenomenon. Similarly, analyzing historical documents allows researchers to deeply investigate specific cases or events in order to understand underlying trends or patterns.

Which research approach is most analogous to experimental studies in psychology?

a. Analyzing existing medical records to investigate disease prevalence.

b. Observing interactions between participants in a naturalistic setting.

c. Conducting interviews to understand individuals' career aspirations.

d. Testing the effects of a new teaching method on student learning outcomes.

d. Testing the effects of a new teaching method on student learning outcomes.

Which of the following platforms best exemplifies the concept of meta-analysis in research?

a. Rotten Tomatoes

b. Netflix

c. YouTube

d. Wikipedia film articles

a. Rotten Tomatoes

- While all options involve the aggregation or compilation of information, Rotten Tomatoes specifically collects and analyzes movie reviews from various sources to provide an overall consensus score for a film.

clinical psychologists similarly conduct empirical research to study these (4) issues

assessment methods, diagnostic issues, professional issues, and training issues