HBI Unit 6 Energy

Joule

SI unit of energy

Inhibition

Something that prevents or restricts the function of an enzyme

coenzyme

cofactor required for enzyme activity

cofactors

Minerals that assist in the normal functioning of enzymes (turn them on)

denaturation

A process in which a protein unravels, losing its specific structure and hence function; can be caused by changes in pH or salt concentration or by high temperature.

primary structure

level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain.

tertiary structure

a protein folds into a compact 3D shape stabilized by interactions between side chain R-groups of amino acids

protein

An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells

pH

measure of the relative amount of free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in the water

buffer

A solution that resists changes in pH when limited amounts of acid or base are added.

Thermodynamics

The study of energy

Energy

Ability to do work or cause change

Kinetic Energy

Energy of motion

Potential Energy

Energy stored due to an object's position or arrangement

Entropy

A measure of disorder or randomness.

Energy Flow

The passage of energy through the components of an ecosystem

calorie

Amount of energy needed to raise temperature 1 gram of water 1 degree C

Energy Diagram

A diagram that shows the energy of the reactants, intermediate state, and products in a chemical reaction

Endothermic

Chemical reaction that absorbs energy

Exothermic

Chemical reaction that releases energy

Energy of Reactants

stored potential chemical energy in bonds that will be reacting... If this is more than the energy of the products, the rxn is exothermic

Energy of Products

stored potential chemical energy in bonds of products...

If this is more than the energy of the reactants, the reaction is endothermic

Activation Energy

The minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction

Enzymes

Biological catalysts, their names usually end in - ase.

Protein that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy necessary.

Active Site

Region of an enzyme into which a particular substrate fits.

Induced Fit

The change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate, induced by entry of the substrate.

Substrate

A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme

ATP

Compound used by cells for short term energy storage and release, allows coupled reactions.

ADP

a lower-energy molecule that can be converted into ATP by the addition of a phosphate group

Phosphorylation

addition of a phosphate group