Chapter 6D

Which country proved aviation radios worked on North Pole flights?

Norway.

How did U.S. radio navigation compare to Norway's in 1926?

The U.S. lagged behind.

How did American pilots navigate before radio navigation?

Celestial navigation using a sextant.

What navigation program did the Department of Commerce start in 1926?

Upgrading radio navigation aids on the airway system.

What law authorized the Federal Airways System?

Air Commerce Act of 1926.

What airway activities did the Air Commerce Act authorize?

Construction and operation of navigation aids.

What became the Department of Commerce's main aviation focus by the late 1920s?

Radio and communication programs.

Who made the first true instrument flight?

Jimmy Doolittle.

What radio did Doolittle use?

Direction-finder radio.

How was Doolittle's cockpit configured?

Covered by a hood.

Where was the first radio-equipped control tower built?

Cleveland Municipal Airport.

Which airline required instrument ratings in 1929?

Luft Hansa.

Did most military aircraft have radios?

No.

What were the four major problems with early aviation radios?

Weight, cost, reliability, and usability.

What signals did a four-course radio beacon transmit?

Letter N and Letter A.

What signal did pilots hear when off course?

N or A.

What signal did pilots hear when on course?

A steady tone.

How often was beacon transmission interrupted?

Every 12 seconds.

Why was the beacon interrupted every 12 seconds?

To transmit identification and weather information.

What improvement occurred by 1939?

Simultaneous transmission became possible.

What antenna did four-course beacons use?

Adcock antenna.

How was the Adcock antenna configured?

Fixed to four poles.

What were the Adcock antenna's limitations?

Low-frequency and short-range.

Who was Juan Trippe?

Founder of Pan Am.

What equipment did Juan Trippe install on Pacific islands?

Long-range direction-finding equipment.

How did Pacific direction-finding equipment help aviation?

Guided the China Clipper from California to the Philippines.

Who was Amelia Earhart's navigator in 1937?

Fred Noonan.

What aircraft did Amelia Earhart fly on her world flight attempt?

Lockheed Electra.

What radio aid was installed on Earhart's Electra?

250-foot trailing aerial.

How was the trailing aerial used?

Reeled out in flight and reeled in for landing.

What equipment was removed from Earhart's aircraft?

Trailing aerial and code wireless set.

Why was the trailing aerial removed?

Reduce workload and weight.

Why was voice communication preferred over code?

Code took longer to use.

Where was Earhart headed when she disappeared?

Howland Island.

What caused Earhart's communication problems?

Confusion over radio frequencies and procedures.

What Coast Guard asset was involved in the communication breakdown?

A Coast Guard cutter.

Which countries fought the Chaco War?

Bolivia and Paraguay.

What peace was threatened by the Chaco War?

The peace that existed after WWI.

What territory gave the Chaco War its name?

Chaco Boreal.

How were aircraft used in the Chaco War?

Reconnaissance, bombing, transport, ambulance, and fighter operations.

What does the word Fascism come from?

Fascio.

What does Fascio mean?

Bundle or political group.

How is Fascism defined?

Government led by a dictator.

What are the five traits of Fascism?

Nationalism, imperialism, militarism, violence, and non-rationalism.

What balance did Fascism favor?

Common good over individual will.

What empire did Mussolini want to create?

A new Roman Empire.

What title was used for Mussolini?

Il Duce ("The Leader").

Which country did Mussolini invade in 1935?

Abyssinia (Ethiopia).

How did Italian and Ethiopian forces differ?

Italy used modern weapons; Ethiopia used spears and outdated rifles.

What organization condemned Italy's invasion?

League of Nations.

What risk did the Abyssinia conflict create?

A wider war.

Who started the revolt that led to the Spanish Civil War?

Francisco Franco.

What party did Franco lead?

Falange Party (Nationalists).

What title was used for Franco?

El Caudillo ("The Leader").

Which countries supported Franco?

Italy and Germany.

Which countries supported Franco's opponents?

Soviet Union, Britain, France, and the United States.

Who brought the Nazis to power?

Adolf Hitler.

What empire did Hitler establish?

Third Reich.

What title was used for Hitler?

Der Führer ("The Leader").

What idea defined Nazi Fascism?

Aryan "superman" or "new man."

What is totalitarianism?

Absolute government control over society.

What three major actions did Hitler take?

Left the Geneva Disarmament Conference, rejected Versailles, and rearmed Germany.

How was Japan's government characterized?

Authoritarian, totalitarian, and aggressive.

Was Japan considered fascist in the European sense?

No.

What war did Japan begin in 1931?

Fifteen Year War.

What region did Japan invade in 1931?

Mainland Asia.

Which aircraft companies grew during this period?

Kawasaki, Mitsubishi, and Nakajima.

What incentive did Japan give aircraft manufacturers?

Tax exemptions.

What country proved the effectiveness of aviation radios in 1926 while the U.S. was still using celestial navigation?

Norway (during North Pole flights).

What antenna type powered four-course radio beacons, and what were its primary limitations?

The Adcock antenna (4-pole setup); its limitations were that it operated on low frequencies and had a short range.