Unit 2 - Cells and Tissues (All Types)

What are the 4 types of tissues?

Connective, Nervous, Epithelial, Muscle

What is connective tissue?

Tissue that provides support and binds other tissues together

Identify this tissue

Nervous tissue — Transmits electrical signals and coordinates body functions; made of neurons and neuroglia.

What is epithelial tissue?

Tissue that covers body surfaces and lines organs and cavities

What is muscle tissue?

Tissue that contracts to produce movement

What are the 3 types of connective tissue proper?

Connective tissue proper, Cartilage, Bone

What are the functions of connective tissues?

Support, insulation, protection, and transportation

What are connective tissues mostly composed of?

Extracellular matrix

What is extracellular matrix?

Substance secreted by cells, composed of ground substance and fibers

What are the types of fibers in the extracellular matrix?

Collagen, elastic, reticular

What are the types of loose connective tissue?

Areolar, Adipose, Reticular

Identify this tissue

Areolar connective tissue — Mostly open space, holds water and salts for surrounding tissues, found under epithelium and around organs.

Identify this tissue

Adipose tissue — Fat cells (adipocytes) with large vacuoles of fat/oil; insulates and warms the body, provides nutrients to other cells.

Identify this tissue

Reticular connective tissue — Reticular fibers create a stiff framework that supports other cells.

What are the types of dense connective tissue?

Regular, Irregular, Elastic

Identify this tissue

Dense regular connective tissue — Collagen fibers arranged in one direction, provides tensile strength, found in tendons and ligaments.

Identify this tissue

Dense irregular connective tissue — Collagen fibers arranged in many directions, provides strength in multiple directions, found in capsules around organs.

What are the characteristics of elastic dense connective tissue?

Provides flexible cushioning, found between vertebrae and in arteries

Identify this tissue

Hyaline cartilage — Glassy looking, firm ground substance with lacuna, few collagen fibers.

What are the locations where fibro-cartilage is found?

Larynx, bridge of nose, and ribs

What is the composition of fibro-cartilage?

Contains lots of collagen, mostly running parallel

Where is areolar tissue found?

Found in intervertebral spaces

Identify this tissue

Elastic cartilage — Highly flexible, contains more elastic fibers.

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

Found in outer ear and tip of nose

What do osteocytes secrete?

Ground substances, fibers, collagen, and fluids

What are the two types of bone tissue?

Spongy and compact

Identify this tissue

Blood — Ground substance is plasma (fluid); red blood cells (erythrocytes) and white blood cells (leukocytes); platelets.

What is the function of mast cells?

Detect foreign substances and secrete inflammatory chemicals

What is the function of macrophages?

Engulf invading substances or organisms

What are the two types of blood cells?

Red blood cells (erythrocytes) and white blood cells (leukocytes)

What are the different types of ground substances in connective tissues?

Cartilage has a flexible ground substance, bone has a calcified ground substance, and blood has a fluid ground substance

What happens when cells rupture?

Cells rupture and spill products into the duct.

What does 'Hol' stand for?

'Hol' stands for whole.

What is secretion?

Secretion is the process of releasing substances.

Where are sebaceous glands found?

Sebaceous glands are found in the skin.

What do endocrine glands secrete?

Endocrine glands secrete hormones.

How are endocrine cells packed together?

Endocrine cells are packed tightly together with capillaries running through the glandular tissue.

How do cells excrete products?

Cells excrete products through exocytosis into the blood.

What is a capillary?

A capillary is a small blood vessel.

Give examples of endocrine glands.

Examples of endocrine glands include the thyroid, thymus, adrenal glands, and pancreas.

What is glandular tissue?

Glandular tissue is a specialized type of epithelial tissue.

How do exocrine glands secrete their products?

Exocrine glands use tube-like ducts to secrete their products.

How do exocrine glands differ from endocrine glands?

Exocrine glands differ in the portion of the cell that is secreted with the product.

What are the 4 types of tissues?

The 4 types of tissues are connective, nervous, epithelial, and muscle tissue.

What are examples of connective tissue?

Examples of connective tissue include connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood.

What is the function of connective tissues?

Connective tissues provide support and bind other tissues together. They can also provide insulation and protection for other tissues, and some are able to transport substances.

What are connective tissues mostly composed of?

Connective tissues are mostly composed of extracellular matrix.

What is extracellular matrix?

Extracellular matrix is the material that fills the space between cells in connective tissue.

What are the components of extracellular matrix?

The components of extracellular matrix are ground substance (watery or gel-like substance secreted by cells) and fibers or threads (collagen, elastic, or reticular).

What are the types of loose connective tissue?

The types of loose connective tissue are areolar, adipose, and reticular.

What are the characteristics of areolar tissue?

Areolar tissue is mostly open space, holds water and salts for surrounding tissues, and is found under epithelium and around organs.

What are the characteristics of adipose tissue?

Adipose tissue is comprised of fat cells (adipocytes), has large vacuoles that contain fat/oil, insulates and warms the body, and provides nutrients to other cells.

What are the characteristics of reticular tissue?

Reticular tissue contains reticular fibers, which create a stiff framework that supports other cells.

What are the types of dense connective tissue?

The types of dense connective tissue are regular, irregular, and elastic.

What are collagen fibers?

Protein fibers that provide tensile strength

How are collagen fibers arranged in tendons and ligaments?

In one direction

What is the function of collagen fibers in tendons and ligaments?

To provide tensile strength

What are irregular fibers?

Collagen fibers arranged in many directions

Where are irregular fibers found?

In capsules around organs

What is the function of irregular fibers?

To provide strength in multiple directions

What are elastic fibers?

Fibers that provide flexible cushioning

Where are elastic fibers found?

Between vertebrae and in arteries

What is the function of elastic fibers?

To provide flexibility and cushioning

What is hyaline cartilage?

Glassy-looking cartilage with few collagen fibers

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

In the larynx, bridge of nose, and ribs

Identify this tissue

Fibrocartilage — Lots of collagen fibers, mostly running parallel; found in intervertebral spaces.

Where is fibro-cartilage found?

In intervertebral spaces

What is areolar tissue?

Highly flexible tissue with more elastic fibers

Where is areolar tissue found?

In the outer ear and tip of the nose

What are osteocytes?

Cells that secrete ground substances, fibers, collagen, and fluids in bone

What are the two types of bone?

Spongy and compact

What are the requirements for a tissue to be considered connective tissue?

Cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix made of fibers

What is the ground substance in cartilage?

Flexible

What is the ground substance in bone?

Calcified

What is the ground substance in blood?

Fluid

What are the types of muscle tissue?

Smooth, Cardiac, Skeletal

Identify this tissue

Smooth muscle — Contracts involuntarily, non-striated, found in walls of stomach, uterus, intestines, bladder, arteries, veins and eyes.

Identify this tissue

Cardiac muscle — Contracts involuntarily, striated, found in the heart muscle, activated by brain or hormones.

Identify this tissue

Skeletal muscle — Contracts voluntarily, striated, connected to bones of the skeleton, controlled by somatic nervous system.

What are the types of nervous tissue?

Neurons, Neuroglia

What are the characteristics of neurons?

Make up 10% of all nerve cells, Convert stimuli into nerve impulses, Pass impulses to other neurons, muscle fibers, or glands, Unable to regenerate

What are the characteristics of neuroglia?

Make up 90% of all nerve cells, Support & protect neurons, Do not generate nerve impulses, Able to regenerate after injury

What is the function of muscle tissue?

Used for movement, can be voluntarily or involuntarily controlled

What is the function of nervous tissue?

Transport impulses around the body

What is the composition of nervous tissue?

Mostly comprised of neuroglia which support neurons

What is the composition of muscle tissue?

Primarily made up of muscle fibers