Micro. biol.- Exam 1

True or false: microorganism and virsuses are the same thing

false! microorganisms are living and viruses are not

prokaryotes

lack true membrane, delimited nucleus, not absolute, do have nuclear area, no membrane bound organelles

eukayotic cells

have membrane enclosed nucleus

more morphologically composed

What are the five kingdom for classification

monera, protista, fungi, animalia, and plantae

what are the 5 kingdoms mostly based on?

things we could see with organisms (very phenotypic)

what is our system we currently use for classification?

three domain and was developed due to advances in molecular techniques (carl woese)

What did carl woese do?

based on comparison of ribosomal RNA, he divided organism into three main domains

What are the three domains from carl woese?

bacteria (true bacteria)

archaea

eukarya

what was carl woese looking for originally?

he wanted to know if they looked similar molecularly along with phenotypically (found they are different)

why did it work for Carl Woese to use RNA?

Ribosomal RNA used for translation, so all organism need to make proteins meaning all should have it. rRNA have different parts that interact with translational machinery different, this conserved the part that dosent have much variation allowing to see differences

What should we know about the bacteria domain

usually single celled (prokaryotes)

majority have cell walls with peptidoglycan

most lack membrane bound organelles

ubiquitous and some live in extreme environments

found almost everywhere

some cause disease but most beneficial

which group of bacteria have sizable impact

pathogenic

Which of. the three domains is very characterized by living in extreme environments

archea

how do we distinguish archea from bacteria?

by unique rRNA sequence (different codons)

do archaea have the peptidoglycan cell walls like bacteria?

no, they have unique membrane lipids

what should we know about archaea

some have unusal metabolic characteristics and their role in causing disease is very unclear

What does the domain eukarya include?

big organisms (plants and animals) and microbial organisms (protists and fungi)

what are the major characteristics of the domain eukarya?

-generally larger than bacteria and archaea

-plants, animals, protists, fungi

what fall under the protists category

algae, protozoa, slime molds, water molds

what fall under the category for fungi

yeasts and molds

what is the difference between yeasts and molds?

yeasts are unicellular and molds are multicellular

what should we know about fungi?

primarily decomposers and some can cause disease

what are three acellular infectious agents

viruses, viroids and virusoids, prions

what are viruses?

-smallest of all microbes

-very simple

-impact human and animal health broadly

-cause range of diseases

-some cancers (10% HPV, large cause of cervical cancer)

why are viruses so simple?

only proteins and nucleic acids. Genome also small and stripped down because they do not have all the machinery needed to replicate

what are viroids and virusoids?

infects agents composed of RNA

- Smaller than virus (just composed of RNA, not encapsulated by proteins)

- only infect plants

what is the difference between viroids and virusoids?

viroids can replicate by themselves while virusoids cannot

what are prions

infectious proteins (no nucleic acids associated)

What are 6 ways we define life?

1. metabolism

2. growth (size and mass)

3. reproduction (genetic copy of self)

4. genetic variation/evolution

5. response/adaption to external environment

6. homeostatis (maintaining internal organization and order, usually by expending energy)

what is the most abundent macromolecule needed for life?

polypeptides

what is the least abundent macromolecule needed for life?

polysaccharides

which order below is the correct for most to least abundent macromolecules needed for life?

polypeptides>nucleic acids>lipids>polysaccharides

which of the following does not have a monomeric subunit?

lipids

what is one of the most important things a polypeptide can do?

enzyme as catalyst of chemical reactions, other enzymes can be used for movement and building of cellular structures

What are some examples of polypeptides

RNA polymerase, potassium channels (passive movement), flagella

What are nucleic acids and what is their main purpose?

DNA/RNA (depending on the sugar used) and they are critical storehouses for genetic information

Why are lipids important and where are they found?

they are the foundation of the plasma membrane and YOU ARE NOT A CELL if yoy lack plasma membrane (helps separate internal/external environment)

What are polysaccarides?

they are polymers of sugars

what are polysaccarides purpose?

important for energy production/storage (starch or glycogens) and important for structural components (always in cell walls, for example bacteria has glycan)

how old is the first bacteria?

3.5 billion years

what were the early microfossils similar to in microbiology today?

filamentous cyanobacteria

what is the importance of cyanobacteria?

cyanobacteria produced O2 as a byproducts which signaled the atmosphere to become oxygenic

what did stanley miller do?

in 1950s formed organic molecules from primordial soup, This found the basic building blocks off life and experiment could be run to recover all 20 amino acids.

what where the 2 main conditions of the earliest molecule?

1. do cellular work

2. replicate itself

who discovered ribozymes?

thomas czech

what are ribozymes?

RNA molecules that form peptide bonds, they preform cellular work and replication, most likely evolved from earliest molecules

how do rybozymes preform their cellular work and replication?

cut themselves out of a sequence and input themselves into another sequence

what do microbial genetics need?

A LIPID MEMBRANE

what is a micelle

a single lipid layer that may have been an early form of a plasma membrane

Are ribozymes RNA that can catalyze reactions

true

what two early conditions formed the "primitive cell'

RNA and micelles and used RNA to store genetic information (eventually stored DNA)

Why would DNA arise?

more stable and better for storing important information

why would proteins have arose?

to increase functions

what is the endosymbiotic theory?

primitive prokaryotic microbes ingested other microbes, starting a symbiotic relationship, forming first basic eukarytokes

What is the main evidence for the endosymbiotic theory?

mitochondrial structure matched that of bacteria

How did the first mitochondria come about?

by ingesting microbes that could use oxygen for a respiratory process to produce chemical energy became miochondria

how did chloroplasts come about?

primitive cell ingested microbes that could fix CO2 into organic molecules using light energy became chloroplasts

of the three main domains which do not reproduce sexually

bacteria and archaea

what is a "strain"

species contain different stains. Descendants of a single, pure microbial culture.

how can strains evolve

through mutation or horizontal gene transfer (a type of mutation or change in genome overtime)

what is a biovar

biological and physiological differences. important: different climates

what is a serovars

Antigen difference. important: based on antigen than carry

What is a morphovar

morphology differences

what is a pathovar

plant pathogen/host differences

who developed binomial nomenclature

carolus linnaeus

how does binomial nomenclature work

genus and species epithet. Genus always capitalized and both are underlined or italicized. ONLY abbreviate after first use.

what are the tools used for the study of microbiology

microscopes, culture techniques, molecular genetics, genetics

what is cell theory?

all living things are composed of cells

who is associated with cell theory?

robert hooke

what did robert hooke do

looked at a thin slice of cork with a crude microscope, consited of little. boxes which where cells

what did antony van leeuwenhoek do?

first person to observe and describe microorganisms accurately with microscope that could magnify 50-300 times called them animalcules

what are archaeoza

no mitochondria, multiple flagella

whats an example of archaeoza?

spreads in water and gives diahrea

what is leeuwenhooks microscope

all microscopes we use derived from his. had basic features of a microscope (lens, specimen holder, focus)

what is spontaneous generation

the idea that living organisms can develop from nonliving or decomposing matter

who developed a direct relationship of how microorganisms can cause disease

Koch

what did francesco redis experiment show

discredited spontaneous generation in larger organisms by showing that maggots on decaying meat came from fly eggs, rather than spontaneously appearing from meat.

What was the main purpose of John Needham's experiment?

To investigate spontaneous generation.

What process did John Needham use to prepare his broth?

He boiled the broth and then sealed it.

What observation did John Needham make in his experiment?

He found microbial growth in the broth, which appeared cloudy.

What conclusion did John Needham draw from his experiment?

He supported the idea of spontaneous generation, suggesting that microorganisms must have entered the broth.

what did lazzaro spallanzis spontaneous generation experiment show

no growth in microorganisms through having broth, sealed, then boiled. No microorganism growth

who settled the debate of spontaneous

louis pasteur, he also supported biogenesis

how did louis pasteur settle the spontaneous generation debate

used nutrient broth in a long, curved-neck flask. He then boiled broth, left it exposed to air, found no microbial growth. When broth contacted material trapped in neck there was microbial growth

what is biogenisis

life comes from life

what did john tyndall do

demonstrated dust caries microorganisms; dust-free broth remained sterile even when exposed to air, evidence for heat-resistant bacterial forms

what did ferdinand cohn do

showed heat-resistent bacteria could produce endosopres, expanding on tyndalls work

what are endospores

Stores genetic material in harsh conditions and facilitates survival. Once conditions are restored it goes back to beinga vegetative cell. ONLY PROKARYOTIC

what did agostino bassi do

showed silkoworm disease was caused by a fungus, early evidence linking microbes and disease

what did M.J. Berkeley do

demonstrated the irish potato blight was caused by a water mold

what did Heinrich de bary do

showed smut and rust fungi caused cereal crop diseases

what did ignaz semmelweis do

handwashing reduced puerperal fever in obstetrical patients, "savior of mothers" however he did not know why it worked

what did joseph lister do

developed antiseptic surgeryl used phenol on would dressings --> fewer postoperative infections; father of antiseptic surgery

what did john snow do

first epidemiologist; investigated 1854 london cholera outbreak; mapped cases to broad street well/pump and had pump handle removed

what did robert koch do

established relationship between bacillus anthracis and anthrax; kochs postulates established relationship between a particular microorganism and disease. Also identified M. tuberculosis as cause of tuberculosis

what did jacob henle do

koch used criteria developed by him these became known as kochs postulates.

what did fanny hess do

associated with development/use of agar for microbial culture

what did richard petri do

associated with the petri dish

what did charles chamerland do

developed porcelain bacterial filters, later used to investigate tobacco mosaic disease; filters trap bacteria

what did ivanovski and beijerinck do

used chamerlands bacterial filters to study tobacco mosaic disease; infectious agent passed through filters that trapped bacteria -->eventually showed to be viruses