Polity ~ Articles

Article 1

Declares India, that is Bharat, as a Union of States rather than a federation of states.

Article 14

Guarantees equality before the law and equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.

Article 19

Protects six basic democratic freedoms: speech and expression, peaceful assembly, forming associations, free movement, residence, and practicing any profession.

Article 21

Protects life and personal liberty, stipulating that no person shall be deprived of either except according to procedure established by law.

Article 21A

Mandates the State to provide free and compulsory education to all children aged 6 to 14 years.

Article 32

Grants the right to move the Supreme Court to enforce Fundamental Rights via constitutional writs; referred to by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar as the heart and soul of the Constitution.

Article 40

Directs the State to organize village panchayats and endow them with the necessary powers to function as units of self-government.

Article 44

Directs the State to secure for all citizens a Uniform Civil Code throughout the territory of India.

Article 51A

Specifies the Fundamental Duties of every citizen of India, originally introduced by the 42nd Amendment Act in 1976.

Article 61

Prescribes the detailed parliamentary procedure for the impeachment and removal of the President of India on the grounds of constitutional violation.

Article 72

Empowers the President of India to grant pardons, reprieves, respites, or remissions of punishment, or to suspend, remit, or commute sentences.

Article 76

Provides for the appointment and role of the Attorney-General for India as the chief legal advisor to the Union Government.

Article 110

Defines what constitutes a Money Bill and outlines criteria concerning taxation, borrowing, and government expenditure.

Article 112

Requires the President to cause the Annual Financial Statement (the Union Budget) to be laid before both Houses of Parliament.

Article 123

Grants the President the power to promulgate temporary ordinances when either House of Parliament is not in session.

Article 124

Governs the establishment, constitution, and appointment of judges to the Supreme Court of India.

Article 143

Authorizes the President of India to seek the advisory opinion of the Supreme Court on questions of law or public importance.

Article 226

Empowers High Courts to issue prerogative writs to enforce Fundamental Rights as well as for any other legal purpose.

Article 280

Provides for the constitution and mandate of the Finance Commission to recommend revenue distribution between the Union and States.

Article 300A

Affirms that no person shall be deprived of their property except by authority of law, making property a constitutional rather than a fundamental right.

Article 324

Vests the superintendence, direction, and control of all elections to Parliament and state legislatures in the independent Election Commission.

Article 352

Authorizes the proclamation of a National Emergency by the President on grounds of war, external aggression, or armed rebellion.

Article 356

Allows the imposition of President's Rule in a state upon the failure of its constitutional machinery.

Article 360

Empowers the President to proclaim a Financial Emergency if the financial stability or credit of India is threatened.

Article 368

Specifies the constituent power and procedures of Parliament to amend the Constitution.