Quick Cross Cult Psych Part 2

Emotion/affect

an evaluative response, usually a mix of body arousal, feeling, thoughts, and behavior

Physiological arousal

the body component

Subjective experience

how it feels (positive, negative, or ambivalent)

Cognitive processes

the thoughts that are part of the emotion

Behavioral expression

what you do or show

Ekman and colleagues

differences in emotion recognition across cultures were read as differences in how people show emotions

Cultural display rules

culture-specific standards for the types and frequency of emotional displays that are acceptable

Culturally moderated emotions

emotions shaped by culture that help people act appropriately and avoid miscommunication

Human development

physical, psychological, and social changes from conception to death

Socialization

becoming a member of a culture and adopting its values and behaviors

Erikson

8 stages, each with a developmental conflict or crisis

Positive resolution

strengthens the ego, builds a virtue, gives greater adaptation and a healthier personality

Negative resolution

weakens the ego, inhibits adaptation, gives a less healthy personality

Cultural perspective on Erikson

each culture understands life crises differently and expects different things to resolve them

Prescribed identity

identity, religion, status, profession, and residence are set at birth, not chosen

Migration can change identity

Piaget

4 stages of cognitive development

Sensorimotor

infants learn through interacting with their environment; toys and outdoor activities differ across cultures

Preoperational

foundation for language; languages, play, stories, and traditions shape symbolic play

Concrete operations

logic, understanding that volume, amount, and weight stay the same despite appearance changes; market trading and math problem-solving give different concrete experiences

Formal operations

abstract thinking; access to formal education and critical thinking varies across cultures

Kohlberg

6 stages of moral judgment

Lower stages

avoid punishment

Higher stages

social contracts, then universal principles

Criticism 1

Western-oriented methodology (hypothetical stories fit Western subjects)

Criticism 2

stages are tied to Western liberalism and individualism, which don’t represent all cultures

Tradition-based moral judgment

based on existing traditions, not free choice

Religiously prescribed moral behavior

set by scriptures such as the Bible or Torah

8. Migration and migrant mental health

Three phases

premigration, migration, postmigration resettlement

Each phase has its own risks, exposures, and mental health problems

Communication difficulties

language and cultural gaps

Cultural shaping of symptoms

affects diagnosis, coping, and treatment

Family structure and process

affects adaptation, acculturation, and intergenerational conflict

Acceptance by the receiving society

affects employment, social status, and integration

Censorship

reviewing and deciding what can be published or broadcast for moral, ideological, or political reasons

Political

restricts information to protect social order and stability

Ideological

bans information that challenges ideas about society’s past, present, or future

Moral

restricts content based on standards of decency and public morality, including laws on communication among businesses, institutions, and media

Cultural empathy

deeply understanding, respecting, and connecting with the experiences, emotions, and perspectives of people from other cultures

Empathetic understanding

accurately grasping others’ views through active listening, sensitive observation, and willingness to learn

Empathetic response

respectful, appropriate action that follows understanding

Cultural sympathy

compassion for another culture without necessarily understanding it

Understanding differences

expectations and values vary across cultures

Cultural sensitivity

perceiving and responding to others’ cultural needs and noticing culture-specific signals

Behavioral adaptation

changing your behavior to fit another culture’s norms

Continuous learning

intercultural skills take time and practice

Stereotypes and prejudices

obstacles that require active commitment to overcome

Goals

intercultural dialogue and inclusive communities

Evaluative bias of language

word choices reflect the speaker’s likes and dislikes

Objective description

describes without mainly judging

Subjective evaluation

judgment shaped by personal views

Value-laden words

words that carry personal likes or dislikes

Similarity-uniqueness paradox

similarity or difference depends on your perspective

Barnum statement

a personality description true of almost everyone

Barnum effect

accepting generic descriptions as personal

Schema

mental structure organizing knowledge, beliefs, and experience

Accommodation

modify the schema to fit the data

Assimilation

modify the data to fit the schema

Assimilation bias

searching for, interpreting, favoring, and recalling information that confirms your schemas (positive or negative)

Belief perseverance effect

clinging to beliefs despite contrary evidence