counseling and helping relationships

sigmund freud

• father of psychoanalysis (psychotherapy, school of pesonality)

• developed theories of the unconscious mind and mechanisms of repression, influencing many other fields in psychology.

phrenology

• originated by Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828)

• mental es are determined by the shape of the skull, suggesting that specific brain areas are responsible for different personality traits and behaviors.

mesmerism

• created by Franz Anton Mesmer

• special magnetic fluid which could be liberated via technique of animal magnetism which had healing properties

• trancelike state = hypnosis

jean martin charcot 1925-1893

• French neurologist known for his work on hypnosis and hysteria. He significantly influenced Freud and was a pioneer in the study of neurological disorders.

josef breuer (1842-1925)

• used hypnosis and relied on catharsis “talking cure”

catharsis/abreaction

• curative effect of talking about your problems and emotions to purge them

• used by Freud & Breuer to treat Anna O. case = Bertha Pappenheim

free association

technique where the patient is told to say whatever comes to mind

• also called psychoanalysis

the interpretation of dreams

• written by Freud, which included the analysis of dream symbols and unconscious thoughts as a means to access repressed emotions and desires

freud called the dream..

• the royal road to the unconscious mind

• two parts: manifest content and latent content

mainfest content

the dream itself

dream interpretation

process why which latent dream thoughts are derived or deciphered from manifest content

dream work

making the latent content conscious or manifest

dynamic theory

• another label for freud’s theory

• psychodynamic is nature

  • energy or mental forces in the mind

difference between psychodynamic and freudian psychoanalysis

• face to face

• briefer

Freudian psychoanalysis

• relies on the couch to help the analysand (client/patient) free associate

  • cannot see the analysts

• analysis is long and drawn out, slow and expensive

• can occur 3-6x a week for 3-5 years

psychoanalysis works best with

motivated individuals who are not making major life changes

• not the treatment of choice for crisis situations

foundation of Freud’s conceptualization

structural theory which states that the mind, or psychic apparatus consists of three parts (id, ego and superego)

id

• pleasure principle

• includes all instincts inherited at birth

• no morals, organization or sense of time

• houses biological drives

• unconscious comes out in dreams, neurotic/emotional activity, and slips of the tongue, free association

• seeks satisfaction of instinctual needs

• chaotic

parapraxis

an error in speech or memory that reveals unconscious thoughts or desires, often referred to as a "Freudian slip."

ego

• attempts to balance forces (fulcrum analogy)

• dominated by the reality principle

• reasonable and logical

• judgement used to suspend the pleasure principle

• driven by survival

• mediates between person and reality

executive administrator of personality

is a role of the ego that manages the demands of the id while dealing with the constraints of reality, ensuring effective functioning within social environments.

superego

• contains ego ideal (perfect person in terms of wants/tries to reach)

• acts as the moral conscience, regulating behavior according to societal standards and values

• evolves as a result of the child passing through the Oedipus complex

intrapsychic energy conflict

balance of id, ego and superego

libido

that drives human behavior, including sexual and self-preserving urges

topographical hypothesis/notion (depth psychology)

• major contribution of Freud

• asserts that the personality is like an iceberg

  • conscious, preconscious and the unconscious is divided into three levels: the conscious mind, the preconscious mind, and the unconscious mind, where most of our desires and memories are hidden.

symptom substitution

• treating only a behavior or sign of conflict without fixing the root cause, causing a new symptom to take place of the old one

• used as a rationale for why counselors should not merely use strategies to eliminate symptoms

  • not believed by behaviorists

how do behaviorists see symptom substitution?

• do not believe the theory

• see removal of symptoms as desirable goals

freudians believe that..

dreams, slips of the tongue, free association and projective measure validate the concept of the unconscious mind

deterministic

• Freud’s view of human nature

• behavior is determined by biological drives, instincts, psychosexual stages and unconscious forces

defense mechanisms

• denies or distorts reality

• unconscious strategies used to protect the ego from anxiety and conflict.

  • repression

  • suppression

  • reaction formation

  • regression

  • rationalization

  • projection

  • displacement

  • sublimation

  • transference

  • countertransference

repression

• occurs when a threatening or painful thought or memory is blocked out of memory

• involuntary and automatic

• said to generate anxiety

• most important defense mechanism

supression

• denial of reality

• “i’m not going to take about that situation anymore”

• deliberate exclusion of unwanted thoughts or feelings to minimize anxiety

reaction formation

replace threatening or anxiety provoking impulse with the opposite

regression

occurs when a person reverts to a behavior that they have outgrown

rationalization

• attempt to defend behavior or excuse it by citing a socially acceptable reason

• sour grapes variety: under-rate a reward

• sweet lemon variety: overrate the reward

projection

• dislike something in yourself, find it unacceptable and attribute it to somebody else

  • “looking out a window but youre really looking in a mirror”

displacement

• finding a safe target for feelings by redirecting emotions from one person or object to another, often less threatening.

sublimation

• occurs when an unacceptable, unconscious urge is channeled into a socially acceptable manner

• viewed as a mechanism person could be healthy and a sign of maturity

• involves transforming negative impulses into positive actions, like artistic expression or physical activity

goal of Freudian theory

• give client insight to understand and control unconscious motivation

• resistance is known as the client trying not to deal with unconscious issues or traumatic memories and analysis helps overcome it

transference

• client reacts to the therapist as if the therapist is a significant other from the past

  • negative transference

  • ambivalent transference

  • countertransference

positive transference

client expresses positive feelings to an analyst or helper

negative transference

client expresses negative feelings to an analyst or helper

ambivalent transference

client has positive and negative feelings toward the analyst

countertransference

therapist has unconscious unresolved issues about the past, not the client

• reaction to the client as if the client is someone from their own past and gets in the way of objectivety

carl jung

• analytic psychology

• disagreed with freud’s negative view of humankind

  • libido = general life force

• key concepts

  • collective unconscious filled with archetypes

  • personal unconscious of repressed materials

  • human psyche consists of a persona

  • all androgynous

  • individuationation

• Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

• Word association test

collective unconscious

• unconscious mind that is universal to all cultures and filled with archetypes

• behavioral repertoire that have inherited over time

archetypes

• jung key concept

• symbols in the unconscious mind that seem to mean the same thing to anybody anywhere in the world regardless of what period of time they are living in

human psyche persona

• Jung

• personal unconscious of repressed materials

• consists of a persona, which is a social mask that hides deep feelings

  • all have a shadow, which is behind the mask and consists of hidden personal characteristics

androgynous

• key concept of jung/analytic psychology

• all have male and female characteristics

• anima & animus

• societal normas cause us to repress animus/anima

anima

feminine side of the personality in men

animus

masculine side of personality in woman

individuation

psychological or spiritual process in which people try to reach their full/total potential

• beomcing separate from others

why is jung referred to as the father of the modern study of adult development?

• personality continues to change into adult years

myers-briggers type indicator (MBTI)

• self report personality questionnaire developed by Jung

word association test

• client is given a word and told to say the first thing that comes to their mind

individual psychology

• alfred adler

• emphasizes social factors and states humans try to become members of a group

• “will to power,” or “striving for superiority = major source of motivation

• overcoming inferiority are innate qualities

• fond of asking for earliest recollections

• birth order and lifestyle

alder’s birth order

believed that sibling interaction could have more impact on the individual 's personality development and behavior than parental influence.

rudolph dreikurs

pioneer in using group therapy in private practice and taught counselors in school how to apply individual psychology to kids with behavioral difficulties

spitting in the soup

• alder’s popular intervention

• counselor reveals and addresses the client's maladaptive behavior, enabling them to see its negative impact on their lives and relationships

  • found it important to confront the clients

karen horney

• neo freudians/ego psychologist

• stressed the ego functions not derived from id; emphases on the individual as a social being

• basic anxiety

basic anxiety - horney

• results form lack of love in childhood leading to insecurity

• overcome this by:

  • one = moving toward others; making excessive demands for love

  • two = moving against others by exaggerating own dominance, power and prestige

  • third: moving away from others by withdrawing

behavior therapy

• collection of therapies to reduce dysfunctional behaviors and increase or refine productive behaviors

• attempt to eliminate; do not believe in symptom substitution

• overt: what we can see

• covert: process, thought, feeling or mental image we cannot see

operation defintion

a clear and measurable definition of a concept that specifies how it will be measured or observed in a particular situation; useful in behavior therapy as the counselor will know what behavior in question really is

john locke

philosophy of association ism and principle of tabula rase

tabula rasa

conceptualizes the mind like a blank slate or a blank clean scraped tablet at birth and environment molds it (mind is empty at the time of one’s birth)

edward thorndike

• used puzzle boxes to study cats

• law of effect postulated that responses that are accompanied by satisfaction are repeated

ivan pavolv

• classical condition paradigm/model/conceptualization

unconditioned reflex

a natural response that occurs automatically when an unconditioned stimulus is presented, without prior learning

unconditioned stimulus

a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior learning

unconditioned response (UR)

the automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus, occurring without prior conditioning/learning

con