Sport Facility and Event Management Review Flashcards

A comprehensive study set containing 100 question-and-answer flashcards covering sport facility and event management, project constraints, the EMBOK framework, financial analysis, and facility development.

What is a sport facility?

A physical venue designed to host sport activities or events.

What are the five main examples of sport facilities outlined in the lecture notes?

Stadiums, arenas, community recreation centers, training facilities, and multi-purpose sport complexes.

What primary activities do sport facilities support?

Sport participation, sport spectatorship, community recreation, and tourism and economic activity.

What is a sport event?

An organized sport competition or activity involving participants and/or spectators.

What is the primary revenue distinction between participant-led events and spectator-led events?

Participant-led events derive revenue mainly from participants, whereas spectator-led events derive revenue mainly from spectators.

What are examples of participant-led events?

Marathon races, community tournaments, and amateur competitions.

What are examples of spectator-led events?

Professional sports and major championships.

What is the estimated total financial value of the global sport industry?

Approximately $\$1.3\text{ trillion}$.

What are the major sectors of the global sport industry?

Professional sports, college athletics, recreation and community sports, and sport equipment and services.

In the adapted Sport Industry Model by Li et al. (2001), what is Subsector 1?

Leagues and Regulatory Agencies.

In the adapted Sport Industry Model by Li et al. (2001), what is Subsector 2?

Sport Performance.

In the adapted Sport Industry Model by Li et al. (2001), what is Subsector 3?

Sporting Goods.

In the adapted Sport Industry Model by Li et al. (2001), what is Subsector 4?

Sport Facilities.

In the adapted Sport Industry Model by Li et al. (2001), what is Subsector 5?

Sport Media.

In the adapted Sport Industry Model by Li et al. (2001), what is Subsector 6?

Agencies, Consultants, & Service Providers.

In the adapted Sport Industry Model by Li et al. (2001), what is Subsector 7?

Local Government Sport Commissions.

Which diagram visualizes the core components of Sport Production, its seven subsectors, and free inputs?

The Sport Industry Model adapted from Li et al. (2001).

Why are sport facilities considered core infrastructure for the sport economy?

Because they enable sport competition, fan experiences, media broadcasting, sponsorship opportunities, and community engagement.

What is the sport product continuum?

A framework showing that sport products can be defined along a scale ranging from mainly tangible products on one end to mainly intangible products on the other, with a mixture in the middle.

Which continuum illustrates products categorized from mainly tangible to mainly intangible?

The Sport Product Continuum.

What are examples of products located at the 'mainly tangible' end of the sport product continuum?

Sport equipment, sport apparel, and shoes.

What are examples of products located at the 'mainly intangible' end of the sport product continuum?

Sport coaching and sport participation.

What type of product sits in the middle of the sport product continuum as a mixture of tangible and intangible elements?

A sport event.

What are the four basic components contained in most sport facilities?

Core competition area, spectator areas, operational areas, and commercial spaces.

Which arena seating layout illustrates seating levels such as Loge Seats, Scotiabank Suites, VIP Suite, Theatre Boxes, Sky Lounge, Main Concourse Seats, and Upper Concourse Seats?

The spectator and premium seating layout of Rogers Place.

What early stadium features present in ancient structures like the Roman Colosseum are still found in modern facilities?

Spectator seating, event organization, and ticketing systems.

What major drivers caused modern sport facilities to expand and become highly commercialized?

Professional sport leagues, college athletics, and mega-events such as the Olympic Games and FIFA World Cup.

What is the 'facility arms race' in the sport industry?

A competitive phenomenon where sport organizations continuously build upgraded or new facilities to recruit athletes, attract fans, generate revenue, and improve brand prestige.

What is 'franchise free agency' or 'stadium games'?

A situation where team owners threaten to relocate their franchises to another city if demands for new stadiums, renovations, or better lease agreements are not granted.

What are the three primary mechanisms used to finance sport facilities?

Private funding, public funding, and public–private partnerships.

What are the five general historical phases of stadium financing?

1. Private ownership funding, 2. Mixed private/public funding, 3. Heavy public funding ($1960\text{s}$–$1990\text{s}$), 4. Stadium construction boom ($1990\text{s}$), and 5. Increasing public resistance to subsidies.

What key design elements define modern stadium trends centered on fan experience?

Luxury suites, club seating, premium hospitality areas, and dedicated entertainment zones.

Why do modern sport venues integrate social spaces such as rooftop bars and open-standing sections?

Because spectators attend events not only to watch the competition, but also to socialize, network, and experience overall entertainment.

What technological features are essential in modern sport facilities to engage fans and drive revenue?

Stadium Wi-Fi, mobile ticketing, in-stadium apps, and real-time statistics.

What transportation and access factors must facility managers plan for?

Parking, traffic management, and ride-sharing services such as Uber and Lyft.

Why do municipalities invest in building large local sport complexes for youth sports?

To host tournaments, travel teams, and youth championships that generate tourism revenue through multiplier effects and support local health.

What key competency areas must sport event managers master?

Marketing, finance, operations, and risk management.

What elements constitute the project triple constraint?

Time, Cost, and Scope.

What are the five main phases of the event project lifecycle?

Initiation, Planning, Implementation, Monitoring (and control), and Closure / shutdown.

What are the five sequential and iterative project management processes?

Assessment, Selection, Monitoring, Documentation, and Communication.

What are the five functional domains of the EMBOK framework?

Administration, Design, Marketing, Operations, and Risk.

What four integrated dimensions make up the EMBOK Event Management System?

Phases (when work happens), Processes (how managers act), Domains (where work occurs), and Core Values (why decisions are made).

Why is project management critical for sport events compared to standard ongoing organizations?

Because events are temporary, high-pressure projects with fixed deadlines, unique deliverables, and limited resources, offering no easy opportunity to correct errors later.

How is a project defined in formal project management?

A temporary, one-time, unique, and goal-oriented undertaking with a defined start, a defined end, a specific outcome, and limited resources.

What are the two primary operational challenges faced by event managers?

1. Delivering the event within constraints (time, cost, scope, and quality), and 2. Allocating inputs effectively (people, money, time, equipment, and facilities).

What does Scope refer to in event project management?

The total required outputs to produce the final event, including activities, entertainment features, venue services, marketing campaigns, registration, and staffing.

Why is Time an exceptionally strict constraint in event project management?

Event dates are fixed, venues are booked, sponsors expect deadlines to be met, and participants plan around published timelines.

What typical cost categories are budgeted in an event project?

Venue rental, insurance, labor, equipment, marketing, logistics, and security.

What trade-off occurs if an event's project schedule is compressed or shortened?

It requires adding more labor or paying for expedited services, which increases overall project cost.

In the textbook's softball tournament example, how was the triple constraint rebalanced when planning fell behind schedule?

The original plan for a professional DJ costing $\$1,500$ was replaced by a university student DJ costing $\$600$, keeping entertainment in scope while lowering cost.

Why are first-year and one-off events particularly difficult to budget accurately?

They lack prior financial history, face uncertain market demand, experience vendor cost variations, and receive participant revenue late.

What creates the cash flow problem in early event project management?

Marketing and operational expenses occur months before revenue from participant registration fees or ticket sales is collected.

How can strong vendor relationships alleviate early cash flow pressure?

By establishing trust with vendors to negotiate delayed payment schedules and delayed service timing.

What analytical method is used to determine if an event is financially feasible?

Break-even analysis.

What is the mathematical formula for calculating the break-even point in units?

$$\text{Break-even point} = \frac{\text{Total fixed costs}}{\text{Price per unit} - \text{variable costs per unit}}$$

What equation represents Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT) at the break-even point?

$$\text{EBIT} = \text{revenues} - \text{variable costs} - \text{fixed costs} = 0$$

If a softball tournament charges a $\$150$ registration fee per competitor, incurs $\$95$ in variable costs per competitor, and has $\$15,000$ in total fixed costs, how many participants are required to break even?

\frac{\$15,000}{\$150 - \95} = \frac{\15,000}{\$55} = 272.73, which rounds up to $273$ participants.

What revenue sources can an event capture beyond participant registration fees?

Concessions, auxiliary event tickets, sponsorships, and memorabilia sales.

How do event deliverables differ fundamentally from manufactured products regarding quality management?

Manufactured products can be continuously refined after launch, whereas event projects must deliver their best product correctly on the first attempt.

What project failure factors were illustrated by the Rio 2016 Olympics case study?

Construction delays, environmental problems, public finance crises, crime, and regulatory or infrastructure breakdowns.

Which framework diagram maps out the Processes, Phases, Core Values, and Domains of event management?

The EMBOK (Event Management Body of Knowledge) model.

What is the primary function of Phase 1: Initiation?

To establish the direction of the event by defining the event concept, setting objectives, and evaluating feasibility.

What core elements should be included in a thorough event feasibility study?

Date and venue suggestions, competing market events, potential sponsors, market research, a draft budget, key stakeholders, and social, political, and environmental impacts.

What feasibility items belong under the Administration domain?

Staff expertise, resource viability, draft budget, revenue identification, stakeholder identification, and timeline.

What feasibility items belong under the Marketing domain?

Competing events, market research, customer identification, sponsor identification, and promotion/public relations capability.

What questions must managers answer during Phase 2: Planning?

What actions need to be taken, when will they occur, who will do them, what resources are required, is there demand, is a bid required, and how many staff and volunteers are needed.

How do internal and external factors differ in event project planning?

External factors (e.g., weather, statutory regulations, fiscal policy) are outside managerial control; internal factors (e.g., staffing, decision structure, resource allocation) lie within managerial control.

What takes place during Phase 3: Implementation?

Execution of all domain plans, such as launching marketing campaigns, preparing logistics, allocating staff and spending, and activating risk systems.

What three conditions must assigned implementation tasks satisfy?

1. Assigned to someone who will act, 2. Given financial resources when needed, and 3. Realistic and achievable within time constraints.

What three operating modes constitute Phase 4: Monitoring and Control during execution?

Measuring, Evaluating, and Correcting.

What is the difference between preventive controls and feedback controls?

Preventive controls are designed in advance to block problems (e.g., spending limits, checklists); feedback controls provide live data during execution to trigger real-time operational adjustments.

What are the primary causes of event project failure listed in Chapter 2?

Failure to plan, external factors, incompetent staff, poor cost control or lack of income, and lack of leadership.

What specific operational activities occur during Phase 5: Closure / Shutdown?

Attendee departure, equipment removal, venue cleanup, item inventorying, contract closeout, and vendor billing closure.

Why is item inventorying during pack-up crucial during the closure phase?

To avoid asset loss and prepare equipment and resources for the next event project.

What does the Assessment process encompass in event management?

Identification and analysis of all project elements across phases and domains to support prioritization and forecasting.

What occurs during the Selection process in project management?

Managers make explicit choices regarding tactics, staff assignments, resource allocations, and authority distribution.

What is the purpose of Documentation as a managerial process?

Recording, reporting, maintaining analyses, and preserving data for real-time coordination and future project improvement.

Why is Communication described as the most vital process in event project management?

Because it enables timely information acquisition and distribution, guides decision-making, coordinates execution across domains, and acts as the operational face of integration.

What functional responsibilities are grouped under the Administration domain?

Financial management, human resources, information, procurement, stakeholder management, systems, and time management.

What functional responsibilities are grouped under the Design domain?

Catering design, content design, entertainment design, environment design, production design, program design, and theme design.

What functional responsibilities are grouped under the Marketing domain?

Marketing plans, materials, merchandise, promotion, public relations, sales, and sponsorship management.

What functional responsibilities are grouped under the Operations domain?

Attendee management, communications, infrastructure, logistics, participant management, site management, technical systems, and venue management.

What functional responsibilities are grouped under the Risk domain?

Compliance, decision management, emergency management, health and safety, insurance, legal management, and security.

What are the five EMBOK core values that guide managerial decision-making?

Creativity, Strategic Thinking, Continuous Improvement, Ethics, and Integration.

How does the core value of Integration function across the EMBOK framework?

It connects teams, tasks, phases, processes, and domain plans into a single unified system.

How do sport facilities fundamentally differ from sport events?

Events are temporary, repeatable, and adjustable; facilities are permanent, capital-intensive, and irreversible long-term commitments.

What is a capital project in facility management?

A large-scale, one-time investment requiring financing, planning, design, and construction that produces a long-term asset.

What are the two critical success factors required to prevent capital project breakdown?

Cost control (staying within budget) and schedule control (completing on time).

What are the seven core stages of the facility development process?

1. Feasibility analysis, 2. Planning & programming, 3. Site selection, 4. Design, 5. Cost estimation & budgeting, 6. Bidding & procurement, and 7. Construction.

What multi-disciplinary functions must modern facility managers integrate daily?

Operations, finance, human resources, contracts, and technical systems.

What consumer behavior shift is reshaping modern facility design regarding fan experience?

A shift from pure team loyalty to overall experience-seeking behavior, requiring facilities to function as experience platforms with premium seating, lounges, and digital features.

What security measures are now integrated directly into modern facility design and operations?

Metal detectors, controlled entry systems, surveillance and monitoring, and no-fly drone zones.

What strategic analytical tool evaluates internal Strengths and Weaknesses alongside external Opportunities and Threats?

SWOT Analysis.

What macro-environmental framework analyzes Political, Economic, Social, and Technological factors during facility planning?

PEST Analysis.

What are the five competitive forces in Porter's 5 Forces framework?

Supplier power, buyer power, competitive rivalry, threat of substitutes, and threat of new entrants.

In facility cost classification, what is the distinction between hard costs and soft costs?

Hard costs are direct construction expenses (materials, labor, equipment); soft costs are indirect expenses (legal fees, design fees, permits, financing).

What critical accessibility and location factors drive site selection for a new facility?

Proximity to major roads/highways, traffic flow, infrastructure/utility availability, and parking capacity.

What is the difference between a Topographical Report and a Geotechnical Report in facility site analysis?

A topographical report evaluates surface land features (elevation, utilities, structures); a geotechnical report evaluates soil conditions, stability, foundation needs, and drainage.

What is the strategic trade-off between the 'Build Small -> Expand Later' strategy and the 'Build Large' strategy?

Building small lowers upfront capital costs and raises flexibility but limits initial capacity; building large requires higher initial cost and risk but offers immediate scale.

What are the primary causes of facility project failure originating in early planning stages?

Overestimated demand, poor feasibility analysis, cost overruns, bad location, and lack of revenue diversification.