MSK part 6: random

Stress-strain curve (regions)

elasticity

the ability of soft tissue to return to its previous length after the stretch is no longer applied

viscoelasticity

a time-dependent property of soft tissue that results in resistance to stretch when it is initially applied, but allows for tissue elongation as the strech is held for lonfer durations. As with elasticity, the tissue will resturn to its previous length after the strech is no longer applied

plasticity

a property of soft tissue that allows for tissues to elongate even after stretch is no longer applied

stress-strain curve

a graphic representation that depics the relationship between the amount of force (stress) applied to connective tissue and the amount of deformation (strain) it experiences

creep

due to viscoelastic properties, soft tissue that is stretched for a sustained duration will elongate and not return to its origional length after the load has been removed. The principle of creep is the basis for stretching

stress-relaxation

the longer a stretching force is maintained, the more the tension within the tissue decreased, therefore less force is required to maintain the same tissue length

toe region

initial stress that results in the wavy collage fibers becoming straight and aligning with one another

elastic regions

added stress to the tissue results in greater deformation, though the tissue return to its resting length if the stretch force is not maintained. Tissue with greater stiffness will have a deeper slope in this portion of the curve

plastic regions

the addition of more stress results in permenant deformation even after the stretch force is no longer applied due to the failure of bonds between the collagen fibers

PNF

Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation

PNF incorperates active muscle contractions into stretching techniques. Muscular contraction is thought to lead to muscular relazation through the principles of autogenic or reciprocal inhibition and results in greater gains in muscle flexibility. Because these techniques exert their effects on muscle fibers, they are more effective at treating range of motion limitations due to muscle spasm as opposed to connective tissue tightness.

NOT EFFECTIVE FOR SPACTICITY OR PARALYSIS (requires active contraction)

dynamic vs ballistic

dynamics: emphasizes movement based approach

ballistic: emphasizes bouncing movements

muscle fiber layers

endomysium (innermost - covers individual muscle fibers)

perimysium (groups bundles of muscle fibers (fasciculus) together)

Epimysium (surrounds the enire muscle)

they are all connective tissue

---

myofibrils - sarcomeres (these are both within the muscle fibers)

sarcomeres are composed of myofilaments actin and myosin

actin and myosin attach to one another and slide together and apart to allow for muscle contraction and relaxation

overload principle

in order for a muscle to adapt and become stronger, the load that is placed on it must be greater than what it is normally accustomed to

SAID principle

Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demands

states that the body will adapt according to the specific type of training that is utilized

training should mirror the goal

transfer of training principle

there can by carry over effect from one exercise task to another

reversibility principle

within 1-2 weeks your adaptations can reverse

force-velocity relationship

concentric: as speed increases, force decreases

eccentric: as speed increases, force increases

endurance, movement arm, muscle performance, power, strength, torque, work

Legg-Calve perthes Disease

ER, and abduction limited with trendelenburg sign, pain and antalgic gait

avascular necrosis

can treat

stages: Condensation, fragmentation, re-ossification, remodeling

osteogenesis imperfecta

is a connective tissue disorder that affects the formation of collage during bone development. there are 4 classifications of osteogenesis imperfecta that can vary the level of severity

etiology: genetic inheritance with types I and IV considered autosomal dominant traits and II and III and autosomal recessive traits

Signs and Symptoms: pathological fractures, osteoporosis, hypermobile joints, bowing of long bones, weakness, scoliosis, impaired respiratory function

treatment: AROM, symmetry, positioning, functional mobility