SLHS - acoustics

speech chain and acoustics

communication

exchanging ideas between sender and reciever

language

socially shared code

phoneme

specific sounds that are characteristic of that language

neuromuscular coordination

planning to motor sequences used to produce phonemes

non linguistic communication

no form of language to convey meaning

kinemics

gestures, body posture facial expressions, eye contact, etc

proxemics

distance between communicators

paralinguistic communication

happens along with language but doesn’t involve linguistic elements

paralinguistic elements

intonation, stress, rate, pause

speech chain stage 1

linguistic level (sender)

speech chain stage 2

physiological level (sender)

speech chain stage 3

acoustic level

speech chain stage 4

physiological level (reciever)

speech chain stage 5

linguistic level (reciever)

top down

processing that is influenced by previous knowledge

bottom up

processing that is influenced based on an actual perception

linguistic form

organizing thoughts and deciding what to sat

sound/acoustic waves

minute pressure changes

delayed speech feedback effect

hearing one’s own voice delayed disrupts one’s ability to speak smoothly

sinusoidal

smooth repeating wave shape that follows sin/cos

free vibrations

displacing it from its rest position and leaving it free to oscillate without any outside influence

forced vibration

occurs when an external, time varying periodic force continuously drives a mechanical system to oscillate at the frequency instead of its own natural frequency

resonance

body undergoing forged vibration oscillates with greatest amplitude for applied frequencies near its own natural frequencies

rarefaction state

whenever a particle is forced further apart that normal

physical properties (of sound)

physical and mathematical properties (objective)

perceptual properties

the way we precieve sounds (subjective)

Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)

simplest vibratory motion

harmonic

repeated motion

simple

restoring force proportional to displacement

inertia

resistance of a physical object to any change in its state of motion

newtons first law of motion

an object in motion / at rest will stay in motion/ at rest unless acted by another external force

mechanical energy

made up of potential and kinetic energy

potential energy

energy due to the position of the body usually associated w/ restoring forces

kinetic energy

energy to motion

mass

measure of amount of matter un an object, numerical measure of inertia, fundamental property (kg)

gravity

force with which all physical bodies attract eachother

displacement

distance from some initial point to final point

velocity

rate of change of displacement (D/t)

acceleration

rate of change of velocity (change in v/t)

elasticity

property of an object/material which causes it to be restored to original shape after distortion

an object with higher elasticity…

will snap back to their original shape like almost as if nothing happened

hookes law

magnitude of the restoring force is proportional to displacement from rest

pressure

force per unit area (F/area)

measuring sound

dynes/ cm squared

dyne

required to accelerate a one gram mass one centimeter per second square

source

vibrations of object

medium

energy carried through air

both source and medium need…

mass and elasticity

waves

energy propagation through a medium

transverse

wave in which particles of the medium in a direction perpendicular of energy transport

longitudinal wave

particles of medium move parallel to wave

surface wave

particles of medium undergo circular motion

what wave is sound?

lojgitudinal