exam 4 hygiene physical mobility

How much moderate aerobic activity is recommended weekly?

150 minutes.

How much vigorous aerobic activity is recommended weekly?

75 minutes.

What cardiovascular complications can immobility cause?

Decreased cardiac output and deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

Why does immobility increase the risk of DVT?

Blood circulation slows, increasing the risk of clot formation.

What respiratory complications can immobility cause?

Decreased lung capacity and pneumonia.

Why does immobility increase the risk of pneumonia?

Decreased lung expansion and difficulty clearing secretions.

What musculoskeletal complications can immobility cause?

Muscle atrophy, joint contractures, and bone demineralization.

What is muscle atrophy?

Loss of muscle mass and strength.

What is a joint contracture?

Permanent tightening that limits joint movement.

What is bone demineralization?

Loss of minerals from bones, making them weaker.

Why do pressure injuries develop?

Prolonged pressure reduces blood flow to the skin.

What nursing interventions prevent complications of immobility?

Turning, positioning, ROM exercises, hydration, and early ambulation

What is Paget's disease?

A chronic bone disorder causing pain, deformities, and fractures.

What are complications of Paget's disease?

Bone pain, deformities, and fractures.

What age group is commonly affected by Paget's disease?

Adults older than 50.

What is vitamin D deficiency?

Not having enough vitamin D to support normal bone health.

What can vitamin D deficiency cause?

Bone pain and weakened bones.

What are nursing considerations for Paget's disease and vitamin D deficiency?

Pain management and patient education

What is osteoarthritis (OA)?

A degenerative joint disease causing pain and stiffness.

What are common symptoms of osteoarthritis?

Joint pain and stiffness.

What is rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

A chronic autoimmune inflammatory joint disorder.

What causes rheumatoid arthritis?

The immune system attacks joint tissues.

What is the main difference between OA and RA?

OA is degenerative; RA is autoimmune and inflammatory.

What is gout?

Inflammatory arthritis caused by uric acid accumulation.

What causes gout?

Buildup of uric acid crystals in joints.

What is osteomyelitis?

An infection of the bone.

What usually causes osteomyelitis?

Bacteria

What are nursing interventions for arthritis and bone infections?

Pain management, medication administration, and joint protection.

Why is joint protection important?

Helps prevent additional joint damage and discomfort.

What is osteoporosis?

A disease characterized by decreased bone density.

What happens to bones with osteoporosis?

They become weak and more likely to fracture.

What are the risk factors for osteoporosis?

Age, gender, genetics, low calcium, low vitamin D, and inactivity

How does lack of exercise contribute to osteoporosis?

It reduces the stimulation needed to maintain bone strength.

Why is osteoporosis sometimes called the silent thief?

Bone density decreases without obvious early symptoms.

What is a sprain?

An injury to a ligament.

What is a strain?

An injury to a muscle or tendon.

What is the difference between a sprain and a strain?

Sprain = ligament; strain = muscle or tendon.

What is a contusion?

A bruise caused by trauma.

What is a fracture?

A break in a bone.

What does RICE stand for?

Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation.

What nursing care is recommended for sprains?

RICE

What nursing care is recommended for strains?

RICE and appropriate stretching.

What nursing care is recommended for contusions?

Ice and elevation.

What nursing care is recommended for fractures?

Immobilization and pain management.

What is a closed fracture?

A broken bone without an open wound over the fracture.

What is a comminuted fracture?

A bone broken into three or more pieces.

What is a greenstick fracture?

An incomplete fracture where the bone bends and cracks.

Why is immobilization important for fractures?

Prevents further injury and supports healing.

What is the purpose of a cane?

Provides support and improves balance while walking.

How do sensory deficits affect hygiene?

Decrease independence and increase safety risks.

What is the priority when assisting a patient with sensory deficits?

Safety

How can cognitive impairment affect hygiene?

Patients may forget or be unable to perform hygiene tasks.

What conditions can cause cognitive impairment affecting hygiene?

Dementia, delirium, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and brain injury.

How should nurses assist patients with advanced Alzheimer's disease?

Provide step-by-step instructions.

Why might a patient with dementia resist bathing?

Fear, pain, cold, or loss of control.

How can emotional disturbances affect hygiene?

Decrease energy, motivation, and decision-making ability.

What must nurses assess before delegating hygiene care?

Patient limitations, restrictions, and assistance needed.

What should the nurse tell UAP before delegating hygiene?

Patient limitations, assistive devices, tubes, and observations to report.

What skin areas should UAP observe during hygiene?

Bony prominences, skinfolds, and areas with lesions.

What urinary or bowel observations should UAP report?

Presence, appearance, and amount of urine or stool.

Who is responsible for assessing the patient's hygiene needs?

The nurse.

When is a partial bath appropriate?

When a complete bath would cause excessive stress or discomfort.

What are the benefits of prepackaged bathing products?

More consistent care, less skin damage, and reduced microorganism spread.

What alternative baths may reduce agitation in dementia?

Towel baths or bag baths.

What is important when bathing a patient with obesity?

Adequate repositioning assistance and thorough skinfold assessment.

What are the benefits of oral care?

Removes debris, improves appetite, and reduces pneumonia risk.

Why is oral care important for preventing pneumonia?

Reduces microorganisms in the mouth.

What should nurses assess during oral care?

Teeth, gums, oral lesions, and other mouth abnormalities.

What is gingivitis?

Inflammation of the gums.

What is stomatitis?

Inflammation of the mouth's mucous membranes.

What is glossitis?

Inflammation of the tongue.

What oral abnormalities should nurses watch for?

Cavities, gingivitis, stomatitis, glossitis, and lesions.

What is the priority when providing oral care to an unconscious patient?

Protecting the airway and preventing aspiration.

How should an unconscious patient be positioned for oral care?

Side-lying with the head lowered, as described in the slides.

Why should unconscious patients be positioned on their side during oral care?

Allows secretions to drain and reduces aspiration risk.

A confused patient becomes agitated during bathing. What should the nurse do?

Provide a partial bath and reassess the patient's comfort and cognitive status.

A patient has dementia and becomes aggressive during bathing. What should the nurse assess?

Pain, cold, fear, and loss of control.

A patient is unconscious and needs oral care. What is the priority?

Position the patient to protect the airway and prevent aspiration.

A patient cannot bend to wash their legs. What should the nurse provide?

An assist bath.

A patient has limited mobility and is at risk for skin breakdown. What should the nurse do?

Reposition regularly and assess the skin.