Molarity, Solution Dilution, and Quantitative Analysis

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering half-reaction redox balancing, molarity, solution preparation, dilutions, and quantitative volumetric analysis based on the lecture notes.

Half-Reaction Method

A technique for balancing oxidation-reduction reactions by splitting the overall process into separate oxidation and reduction half-reactions, balancing electrons, and recombining them.

Oxidation Half-Reaction

The component of a redox process showing the loss of electrons by a chemical species, such as $Zn_{(s)} \rightarrow Zn^{2+}_{(aq)} + 2e^-$ or $3Mg_{(s)} \rightarrow 3Mg^{2+} + 6e^-$.

Reduction Half-Reaction

The component of a redox process showing the gain of electrons by a chemical species, such as $2e^- + 2Ag^+_{(aq)} \rightarrow 2Ag_{(s)}$ or $6e^- + N_{2(g)} \rightarrow 2N^{3-}$.

Molarity ($M$)

The concentration of a solution defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution: $\text{Molarity } (M) = \frac{\text{moles of solute}}{\text{liters of solution}}$.

Solute

The minor component of a solution, determined on the basis of molar amount.

Solvent

The major component of a solution, determined on the basis of molar amount.

Solution Preparation

The procedure of creating a solution by first adding the measured amount of solute into a volumetric flask, and then adding water to bring the volume to the mark on the flask.

Dilution

The process of reducing the concentration of a solution by adding a predetermined amount of water (solvent), during which the number of moles of solute remains constant while volume and concentration change.

Dilution Equation

The mathematical relationship $M_1 \times V_1 = M_2 \times V_2$ (or $C_1V_1 = C_2V_2$), derived from the fact that the moles of solute remain unchanged before and after dilution.

Quantitative Analysis

The determination of the amount of a specific substance or chemical species present in a given material.

Volumetric Analysis

A form of quantitative analysis based on titration that uses molarity ($M$) as a conversion factor to calculate molar and gram quantities in a chemical reaction.

Titration

A procedure for determining the quantity of substance A by adding a precisely measured volume of substance B of known concentration until the reaction between A and B is just complete.

Indicator

A substance that changes color in a titration to signal when the reaction between the reactants is just complete.

Stoichiometric Ratio (in Titration)

The condition achieved at the completion of a titration where the exact molar proportion of reactants has reacted, leaving neither reactant in excess or limiting.