Biology Unit 2 Test

The pH scale (0-14)

Is a logarithmic scale, and determines whether a chemical is an acid (0-6 pH) or a base (8-14 pH)

Acid

any chemical with a high concentration of H+ ions pH ranging from 0 to 6.

stronger acids equal…

lower pH values

Base

any chemical with a high concentration of OH- ions; pH ranging from 8 to 14

stronger bases equal…

higher pH values

any chemical with a pH of 7 is…

neutral

Carbohydrates

organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; in a 1:2:1 ratio. (ex. sugars, starches, cellulose)

Organic

any molecule that contains carbon

Sugars

carbohydrate made by plants that provide large amounts of energy for living things

Monosaccharides

simple sugars containing 5 or 6 carbon atoms C6 H12 O6 or C5 H10 O5 (ex. glucose, galactose, fructose)

Three types of sugars

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

Disaccharides

two simple sugars combined, C12 H22 O11 (ex. maltose, sucrose, lactose)

Polysaccharides

complex carbohydrates made of many simple sugars chemically combined (ex. starches, cellulose)

Dehydration synthesis

The formation of a large molecules by chemically combining 2 small molecules and removing a water molecule.

Hydrolysis

the chemical breakdown of a large molecules into small molecules by the addition of a water molecule

Lipid

organic energy storage compounds made of C, H, and O. (ex. fats, oils, waxes, steroids)

Lipids store more energy than…

carbohydrates because they have more C-H bonds.

Unsaturated lipid has…

double bonded carbon

Protein

Most common organic compound in living things; made of C, H, N, O; helps cells do all of the jobs needed to stay alive.

Amino acids

“building blocks” of protein

The 20 amino acids are the…

“alphabet” from which proteins are formed.

Each organism makes its own…

individual proteins according to the instructions of its DNA

You ingest plant or animal protein and break it down into amino acids, this is an example of…

hydrolysis

You use amino acids to manufacture your proteins this is an example of…

dehydration synthesis

Peptide bonds

bonds that hold amino acids together in a protein

Nucleic acids

large complex organic molecules that store genetic information for organisms.

Nucleic acids are composed of…

phosphate groups, sugars, and nitrogenous bases (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorous)

What are examples of nucleic acid

Ribonucleic and Deoxyribonucleic Acid (RNA & DNA)

What the 4 groups of useful, organic macromolecules are in all organisms?

Carbohydrates, lipids, protein, nucleic Acid (DNA)

Hydroxyl group

-OH

Carboxyl group

-COOH

Amino group

NH2

Phosphate Group

PO4

inorganic compounds

do not contain carbon atoms

activation energy

the amount of energy needed to start the reaction

Reactants

starting materials

catalysts

reduce the amount of activation energy needed to start a reaction

enzymes in living things…

act as catalysts

enzymes

protein or RNA molecule that speeds up metabolic reactions without being permanently charged or destroyed

three properties of lipids

they don’t dissolve in water, they contain many carbon-hydrogen bonds giving them high energy content, and they are the largest organic macromolecules.

dehydration synthesis vs. hydrolysis

the formation of a large molecules from small ones by removing water vs. the breakdown of a large molecules into small ones by adding water

carbohydrate functional groups

hydroxyl

Lipid functional groups

carboxyl

Protein functional groups

carboxyl and amino

Nucleic acid functional groups

phosphate

carbohydrate function

serve as a source of energy or structural materials

carbohydrates example

starches, cellulose, sugars

lipid examples

fats, oils, steroids, waxes

protien examples

meat, hair, skin, muscles

nucleic acids can be found…

cell nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts