microbes in human welfare

How is milk converted into curd?

LAB, especially Lactobacillus, ferment lactose → lactic acid → curd formation.

What are prions?

Infectious agents made entirely of misfolded proteins.

Adenoviruses are associated with what type of infection?

Respiratory infections.

TMV stands for what?

Tobacco Mosaic Virus.

What is the role of a small amount of curd added to fresh milk?

It acts as an inoculum/starter culture, introducing LAB that ferment lactose to lactic acid.

Why does dough rise during fermentation?

CO₂ produced during fermentation gets trapped in the dough, causing it to rise.

baker's yeast?

Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

toddy?

A traditional fermented beverage prepared from palm sap.

brewer’s yeast

Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Which beverages can be produced by fermentation without distillation?

Wine and beer.

Which beverages can be produced by fermentation with distillation?

whisky, brandy, rum

Swiss cheese

Propionibacterium shermanii.

Why does Swiss cheese develop holes?

large CO2 production during fermentation

Roquefort cheese

Penicillium roqueforti.

Camembert cheese

Penicillium camemberti.

Who discovered penicillin? and when

Alexander Fleming. 1928.

who made penicillin into an antibiotic

Ernst Chain and Howard Florey.

when was the nobel prize for the 1st antibiotic given

1945

enzyme is used in detergents to remove oily stains

Lipases.

enzymes are used to clarify bottled fruit juices

Pectinases and proteases.

microbial product is used as a clot buster

Streptokinase. helps dissolve blood clots, e.g. in myocardial infarction patients.

microorganism produces streptokinase

Streptococcus.

microbial product is used as an immunosuppressant

Cyclosporin A.

microorganism produces cyclosporin A

Trichoderma polysporum.

microbial product is used to lower blood cholesterol

Statin. it inhibits an enzyme involved in cholesterol synthesis.

microorganism produces statin

Monascus purpureus.

dosa and idli batter

lactobacillus and leucontoc