ANT 207 EXAM 2 UNCW (NAVARRA)

fall semester of 2026.

who made the Antiquities Act

teddy rosevelt

What was the first archeological legislation passed?

Antiquities Act

what was the main purpose of the Antiquities act?

to have general protection of excavations, and that you needed a permit for excavation from a jurisdiction

who passed the National park service organic act?

Woodrow Wilson

What was the purpose of the National Parks Service Organic Act?

to set up national parks, allow monuments, and protect scenery, wildlife, and historical objects. It set up employment, and it switched from the department of the interior to army.

Who made the Historic Sites Act?

Harry S. Truman

What was the purpose of the Historic Sites Act?

it preserved historic sites for public, established the interagency salvage program, and added a $500 penalty for violaters

Who was in charge of the Committee for Recovery of Archeological Remains? (CRAR)

Fredrick May

what did the Committee for Recovery of Archeological Remains do? (CRAR)

they wanted to salvage sites damaged from public works and water construction

What happened to CRAR?

one year after it was made, the feds took it and made it the Interagency Archeological Salvage Program.

What was the purpose of the National Trust for historic preservation?

preserve historic buildings and neighborhoods, for education purposes

who passed the National Interstate and defense highway act?

Dwight D. Eisenhower

what was the purpose of the National Interstate and defense highway act?

to connect places together for the military and it was the largest public works project in america

What was the purpose of the Reservoir Salvage Act?

they preserved and recovered places and objects that would be destroyed by reservoirs and dams

what did section 101 say about the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA)?

they set up state and federal recognition of historical places, had state officers issues, and it protected alot of things from being destroyed.

how do you know if a site has significance?

it had an event in our history hosted there, it was associated with a historical figure, or a specific type of contruction yielded information from prehistoric or historic times.

what does section 106 say about the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA)?

CRM could construct archeology depending on what site it was based on the phases (unified across states).

what are 3 differences between CRM and Academia?

1. different funding (CRM is for profit)

2. their excavation (CRM has to do where they say)

3. timeline (CRM is on a construction timeline)

Who made the department of transportation act?

Lyndon b. Johnson (LBJ) in 1966

what does the department of transportation act do?

it protects any program or project from the use of land from a historic site of any significance.

Who passed the national environmental policy act?

Nixon in 1969

what does the national environmental policy act do?

it requires that federal agencies must discuss the environmental effects of projects before moving forward

What act added more to the reservoir salvage act?

archeological and historic preservation act

what did the archeological and historic preservation act do?

all federal agencies with loans and grants need preserve historic objects

what act keeps irreplaceable archeological sites and objects on native american and public lands? It also says that the objects need to be at least 100yrs old.

Archeological resource protection act

What is the abandoned shipwreck act?

It covers all bodies of water for 3 nautical miles and you need a permit to go on the ships that the US owns.

Who made the national museum of american indian act?

George H.W. Bush

what does the national museum of american indian act do?

They advanced the study of native american indians and they gave things to the smithsonian.

What does the native american graves protection and repatriation act say?

tribes got recognized by the feds to get protection from vandalization and stealing. You cant touch anything by the grave and it has to be inventoried.

Kennewick Man

skeletal remains found by columbia river. he was stabbed by a spear point in the back and is around 9000 years old. He was not a native american by genetic testing. (James Chatters)

what did the film mainly show?

frank cushing with the zuni culture

dixon mounds

it was a museum but really a burial ground that got excavated but now its closed

Archeological resources protection act of North Carolina

covers state land and prevents ppl from digging without permits. it fostered collaboration with feds and state. for education

Unmarked human burial and human skeletal remains protection act of North Carolina

on all state lands, if you find bones you contact them. protects vandalism of graves marked and unmarked

New goals

1. build time and framework for the past

2. learn how humans lived in the past

3. understand the ‘why’

4. preserve the past for the future

5. understand the nature of the archeological record

How do we know about the past?

1. sites

2. artifacts

3. ecofacts

4. fossils

5. features

Sites

where archeology is restricted to happen for their investigation

artifacts

made or modified through human hands

ecofacts

from the natural environment and had a human crossover

ex: shells cleaned out

Fossils/ostiological material

old bones

features

a immoveable part of an archelogical site

Ex: mound

How are sites found?

luck, ppl bringing stuff, ppl telling you, surface surveying, aerial photography, metal detectors, and magnotometers

is a magnotometer better for lower or higher ground detecting?

lower

ground penetrating radar

an expensive way to find large things below surface

Can you dig on state/federal property?

not without a permit

can you dig on private property?

yes with permission

LDAR

uses lasers on the ground, air, and space, to map elevation and scenery

Archeology toolkit items (8)

bags, paintbrush, string, hammer, line level, ruler, dental tools, big nails, pencil, sharpies.

Phase 1

Collect data before excavate, surface survey, core samples

Systematic sampling strategy

grid

Stratified systematic sampling strategy

grid w/ elavation

random sampling strategy

no pattern

stratified random sampling strategy

no pattern with elevation

phase 2

boundaries, soil types, stake and string test units, screening

total station

a surveying instrument with a computer used for surveying and building construction. It calculates coordinates with a lazer, knobs, and rod

phase 3

mitigation, removes most data

zones

½ at a time, make profile views too.

artifact mapping

if it has big stuff, you need to make a map of it

primary context

where an artifact was originally

secondary context

where an item ended up

Float tanks

Tanks used by ethnobotanists to sift through dirt to separate and identify heavy and light fractions.

Artifact bag labeling

The recording of information on a paper bag, including state, county, site, unit, and feature info, plus zone, level, date, and collectors' names.

Artifact processing steps

The laboratory procedure of washing artifacts, counting and separating them, and then weighing the categories.

Analysis

The reading of the archaeological record, which occurs after conservation and reconstruction.

Conservation and reconstruction

Procedures carried out on archaeological materials before formal analysis begins.

Relative dating

A category of dating methods based on stratigraphy (layers) that determines a range of age

Superposition principle

A archaeological principle stating that lower layers are older than upper layers.

Fluorine analysis

A relative dating technique applied to organic material; as bone absorbs fluorine from groundwater over time, higher fluorine content indicates an older age.

Piltdown man

A fraudulent find discovered in $1912$ by Charles Dawson and exposed as a scam in $1953$, where fluorine analysis revealed the remains consisted of different bones.

Dendrochronology

A chronometric dating method that determines age by counting tree rings.

Bristlecone pine

The oldest known tree type utilized in dendrochronological dating.

Chronometric dating

Dating techniques that yield specific age estimates, including dendrochronology, Carbon-14, and Potassium/Argon dating.

Carbon-14 dating

A chronometric method developed by Willard Frank Libby for dating organic material (not rocks), based on unstable decay with a radioactive half-life of $5730\,\text{years}$

Potassium/Argon dating

A chronometric method used to date non-living materials (volcanic rocks and minerals) by measuring the decay of potassium ($K$) into argon ($Ar$) gas, with a half-life of $1.25\,\text{billion years}$, using strata above and below the object.

Stable isotope analysis

An analytical approach that examines different strontium signatures, carbon samples (e.g., corn), and nitrogen levels, where less nitrogen indicates lower meat intake.

Residue analysis

The testing of artifacts to identify preserved chemical residues.