Basic Parts of a Neuron

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Last updated 10:06 PM on 10/10/26
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8 Terms

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Cell Body (Soma)

Main part of the neuron containing the nucleus and most organelles. Maintains the cell and integrates incoming signals. Identification: Large central region from which dendrites and axon extend.

<p>Main part of the neuron containing the nucleus and most organelles. Maintains the cell and integrates incoming signals. Identification: Large central region from which dendrites and axon extend.</p>
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Nucleus

Contains the Neuron’s DNA and controls the cellular activities. Round structure inside the cell body.

<p>Contains the Neuron’s DNA and controls the cellular activities. Round structure inside the cell body.</p>
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Dendrites

Receive incoming signals from other neurons. Carry signals toward the cell body. Short, branching extensions surrounding the soma.

<p>Receive incoming signals from other neurons. Carry signals toward the cell body. Short, branching extensions surrounding the soma.</p>
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Axon

Conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body. Usually one long extension extending from the soma.

<p>Conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body. Usually one long extension extending from the soma.</p>
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Myelin Sheath

Insulating covering around portions of the axon. Increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction. Segmented covering surrounding the axon.

<p>Insulating covering around portions of the axon. Increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction. Segmented covering surrounding the axon.</p>
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Axon Hillock

Cone-shaped region where the axon begins at the cell body. Helps initiate action potentials, typically at the nearby initial segment. Tapered area connecting the soma to the axon.

<p>Cone-shaped region where the axon begins at the cell body. Helps initiate action potentials, typically at the nearby initial segment. Tapered area connecting the soma to the axon.</p>
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Terminal Branches

Branches at the distal end of the axon. End in terminals that communicate with other neurons, muscles, or glands. Small branches at the far end of the axon.

<p>Branches at the distal end of the axon. End in terminals that communicate with other neurons, muscles, or glands. Small branches at the far end of the axon.</p>
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Typical Direction of Information Flow

Dendrites → Cell Body (Soma) → Axon Hillock → Axon → Terminal Branches