Speech Science Test 1

Acoustics

the study of the physics of sound

Kinematics

the study of motion

Dynamics

the study of the forces that cause motion

Psychoacoustics

the study of the relationship between physical properties and our perception of those properties

Speech production

the generation of air flow and production of air pressures by displacement of bodily structures that result in linguistically meaningful sound

Voice production

generation of sound waves by vibration of vocal folds which are modified by vocal tract

MKS stands for

meters, kilograms, seconds

English system of measurement includes

inches, feet, lbs, gallons, quarts

Metric System

international system of measurement

Force

a push or pull on an object

Speed

distance covered in a specified period of time

Velocity

the speed of something with added notation of direction

Acceleration

the increase in velocity in a period of time

Deceleration

the decrease in velocity in a period of time

Newton's first law

Objects at rest will stay at rest unless acted upon by a force, objects in motion remain in motion unless acted upon by a force

Unbalanced force

what results in motion

False

a lack of motion means no forces are being exerted on an object

Inertia

an objects tendency to resist change in motion

Newtons second law

acceleration is directly proportional to the net force and inversely proportional proportional to the mass of an object

Newtons

what is force measured in

True

Greater mass = less acceleration T/F

Newton's third law

for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Momentum

the strength or force something has when it is moving, mass x velocity

Work

the measure of force exerted over some distance (energy transfer)

Joules

what is work measured in

Energy

the ability to do work

Power

that rate at which work is done or energy is expended over time

Mass

how much matter is in an object

Watts

the unit for power

Kinetic

moving objects have this type of energy

Potential

energy waiting to be released

states of matter

the way molecules are arranged within a substance is related to

Solid

which state of matter has the lowest kinetic energy

Surface tension

a net force that slightly pulls molecules on the surface downward

Density

amount of material packed into a volume

F

Density and weight are the same T/F

Stiffness

degree to which an object resists being deformed

Elasticity

ability of an object to spring back to its original shape

Pressure

force exerted by the collision of molecules against the sides of a container

Vibration

a back-and-forth motion or oscillation

displacement force

the initial force exerted on an object

restorative force

the force that returns objects to rest

inertia and momentum

what forces cause objects to overshoot equilibrium

Waves

composed of vibrations that move within a medium and transport energy

Medium

Material through which a wave travels

Pulse wave

simplest form of waves, caused by a single disturbance through a medium

Domino falling

what's an example of a pulse wave

Compression

areas of increased pressure and density of particles in a wave

Rarefaction

areas of decreased pressure and density of particles in a wave

Longitudinal wave

molecules within the medium move parallel to the direction of the wave

Transverse wave

molecules move perpendicular to the direction of the wave

longitudinal waves

What time of wave has areas of compressions and rarefactions

transverse waves

What type of wave has crests and peaks

Simple harmonic motion

periodic vibration movement in which a vibration moves directly from a point of maximum displacement to the opposite point of maximum displacement

Waveform

graphic representation of amplitude over time

Frequency

how often the pattern of compressions and rarefactions repeat itself (cycles per second)

Hz

Frequency is measured in

Cycle

one single alternation of a compression and a rarefaction

Period

the time it takes to complete one cycle

higher, inversely

Shorter period = _______ frequency because they are _________ related

Intensity

the magnitude of a sound expressed in power, depicted by amplitude

yes, frequency is not affected by intensity

Can pitch/frequency be the same even if intensities are different

large increases

Small increases in sound pressure = _________ in sound intensity

large reductions

Small increases in distance = ____________ in intensity

False

T/F 0 decibels means there is no sound

0 dB

What is the average hearing threshold for sound

the human ear can hear an extremely large range of intensities so this scale makes it easier to manage

Why do we use a logarithmic scale for intensities

Wavelength

the distance of the wave traveled during one cycle

shorter, they are inversely related

higher frequency = _________ wavelength

Pure Tones

produced by an object that vibrates at a single frequency

Sine wave

another name for a pure tone

Complex Periodic Tone

made up of two or more sine waves on different frequencies

fundamental frequency (F0)

the lowest frequency of a complex periodic tone

harmonics

multiples of the fundamental frequency (relationship between frequencies)

periodic

describes a wave that repeats a pattern with equal spacing and consistent shape

a complex periodic tone

what type of tone is a vowel

Power spectrum

a plot of the power (energy per unit of time) of given frequencies of a sound

Fourier Theorem

states that every complex periodic wave can be decomposed into its harmonic series

Hook's Law

states that the change in length of a material is directly proportional to the force applied to it

Complex Aperiodic waves

consist of sine waves that do not have an orderly arithmetic relationship, no distinct perceived frequency

clap

what is an example of an complex aperiodic wave

interference

when two or more waves meet

constructive interference

compression meets a compression/ rarefaction meets rarefaction; leads to amplified intensity

destructive interference

compression meets rarefaction; cancel each other out

complex interference

two waves of equal frequency meet that are moderately out of phase

boundaries

interface between two mediums

boundary behaviors

the way sound is altered at a boundary; reflection, diffraction, transmission

reflection

sound bounces back off a boundary

diffraction

sound bends around a boundary

transmission

sound goes through a boundary

reflection, transmission

the greater the similarity between mediums, the less ________ and greater ________

Incident wave

original wave that reaches a boundary

Reflected wave

the portion of the energy of a sound wave that returns back after meeting a boundary

Resonance

vibratory response to an applied force, related to individuality of voice

natural resonant frequency

the object vibrates most easily at this

resonator

object/medium set into vibration

mass, length, stiffness

what physical characteristics does resonant frequency depend on

higher/faster

increased stiffness = __________ frequency

lower/slower

greater mass = ___________ frequency

lower/slower

greater length = ___________ frequency