Freshman History Exam term 1

Renaissance, Reformation and Revolution

What is a primary source

Provide an example

What is a secondary source

Provide an example

Be able to name one of Leonardo da Vinci’s works and the meaning of it

The Mona Lisa. Lisa is painted as a virtuous and faithful wife; this can be seen with her right hand covering her left

Be able to name one of Michelangelo’s works and the meaning of it

The Last Judgement. illustrates Christ’s second coming and the redemption of mankind

Absolutism and Enlightenment

What is Parliament

the supreme legislative assembly summoned by the monarch to pass laws, approve taxes, and advise the crown. Or The governing body of England that rules with the King.

What religion did Olivier Cromwell follow

Puritanism

What was the primary reason absolute monarchs sought to expand their territories into other kingdoms

The primary reason absolute monarchs sought to expand their territories was to increase their wealth, global power, and resources.

Name the two political parties that fought in the English Civil War

Cavaliers(support the king) and Roundheads(support parliament)

What is divine right

The idea that God created the monarchy and the monarch acted as God’s representative on earth

How did Spanish power grow under Charles V and Philip II

Charles V inherited Spain and the Hapsburg empire and combined the two under him. Philip II grew power by growing Spanish influence, strengthening the Catholic Church, and making his power absolute. He fought and won many wars which also strengthened power.

How did France build a centralized monarchy after the wars of religion

What were the causes and results of the Thirty Years War

What were some of the goals that Prussia and Austria shared

How did Peter the Great and Catherine the Great modernize and grow Russian power

They westernized Russia by building a modern military, improving education, adopting European customs and capturing war/water ports for trade.

Describe the concept of absolute monarchy. Make sure you cover each aspect of society, including government and religion in your answer

A form of government where a king or queen has 100% control over their citizens' everyday life. Including what religion they follow, laws of the country, and the military.

How did Oliver Cromwell's use of power, specifically in the religious aspect, seem at least as oppressive as an absolute monarch

Cromwell uses power to control the entirety of Britain but in puritanism it controls their everyday life and takes their fun away from them. He shut down the taverns and the bars. He shut down the plays.

Who was the author of The Leviathan

Thomas Hobbes

What were the concepts of the work

Thomas Hobbes said in the Leviathan that a powerful, absolute monarch (king) to control us will give us a social contract to keep us in line and that would be how we would survive a cruel life

What are Locke’s three principals for mankind

Locke believed everyone is born with the natural rights to life, liberty, and property.

Provide an example of censorship

Restriction on access to ideas and information. (Suppression of one’s ideas that directly go against monarch’s world view or wishes)

Define censorship

suppression of one's ideas that directly go against the monarch's view or wishes.

What was Voltaire known for

He wrote about the right of Freedom of religion and freedom of speech

How did Montesquieu influence both the English and American governments

He placed importance on the separation of powers.

How did Mary Wollstonecraft pursue equal rights for women

Wrote Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Said women should be able to decide what’s their own interest and shouldn’t depend on their husbands. Equal education for girls and boys and was part of women’s rights groups in Europe and North America

American Revolution

What were the Intolerable Acts

What did Jefferson change in Locke’s three principals in the Declaration of Independence

His version is Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness he changed the last word property into pursuit of happiness.

How did the Articles of Confederation lead to the US Constitution

The Articles of Confederation were a loose and weak form of central government and many realized that they didn't like that. So that led them to want a stronger government around strong democratic and republican principals.

How are the different branches of government checked and balanced under the Constitution

Each branch has specific powers that allow it to limit or "check" the actions of the other two, keeping power balanced. This ensures that no branch of government can become too powerful. Judicial Branch- justices appointed by the President and is the supreme law of the land. Legislative Branch- includes House of Representatives, and Senate. Congress drafts laws. Executive Branch- includes the President. The President can veto bills issued by the Legislative Branch and is the Supreme Commander and Chief of the US armed forces.

What is popular sovereignty

the political idea that the power of a government comes from and is controlled by its people, rather than a king, queen, or elite group

French Revolution Study Guide

What were the 3 phases of the French Revolution

Moderate stage, radical stage/Reign of terror, Age of napoleon

Describe each of the Estates General

1st Estate: Clergy=those who devoted their whole life to God, ex: priests and deacons. 2nd Estate: Nobility ex: dukes, princes, nobles, 3rd Estate: Peasants or everyone else, can be rich or poor

Which Estate included the bourgeoise

The upper middle class In the 3rd estate

Who was Robespierre

A member of the bourgeoisie and a National Assembly man turned into a Jacobin. He became Head of the Committee of Public Safety and felt that the French Republic should be a “republic of virtue”. He recreated the calendar and took down Churches. Used guillotines to execute reactionaries and killed 20-40,000 people. He was publicly executed by guillotine on July 28, 1794 at 36 years old.

What/who were reactionaries

Enemies of the king

What signified the climax of the Moderate Phase of the French Revolution

Why did most of Europe declare war on France during their Revolution

What is the Napoleonic Code

What reforms did the Napoleonic Code make

Equality of all citizens before the law, religious toleration, reestablished slavery in French colonies, and brought stability/order to revolutionary France

How did the Russians place the French in a difficult position during the French invasion of Russia

The Russians used the Scorched Earth Policy. The Scorched Earth Policy is when the Russians ran away and burned everything down so Napoleon and his crew could not survive off of food or shelter. It was during the wintertime of Russia so the climate was very harsh. Because it was so cold in the Russian terrain Napoleon's men kept getting frostbite. Finally Napoleon retreated and never even actually fought the Russians, but when they got back he found out that they lost Paris

What eventually caused the downfall of Napoleon

What was Waterloo

The Final Battle of the Napoleonic Wars. Europe led and they defeated Napoleon. Napoleon was fighting Wellington and right before Napoleon was going to win, Leberecht came in from the side and broke apart Napoleon's lines. Napoleon loses the war and is sent to exile in St. Helena where he later dies in 1821

What was the Congress of Vienna

An organization that was responsible for putting Europe back to the way it was after the French Revolution

Nationalism and Democracy and Industrialization

What were land enclosures

Which natural resources were the most important in industrialization

Coal

What were the positives of the industrial revolution

What were the negatives

What did Adam Smith say was the ultimate goal of capitalism

How did Adam Smith describe free trade

What was the main concern of Thomas Malthus

His main concern was to bring the population down and he did that by giving the poor less and he stopped giving them vaccinations so they would eventually die out.

According to Riccardo what is the “Iron Law of Wages”

Real wages are real profits.States that the more money you pay your workers leads to less money you make in your business. It uses Smith's Labor Theory of Value to describe how much a good is worth because of the effort used to make it

What is Utilitarianism

A goal for society that status we should try to make the greatest number of people happy

What does John Stuart Mill state is the purpose of government

He believed the government should step in to help and support poor people who cannot take care of themselves.

What is socialism

Belief that there should be no private owners of business and everyone should own everything

What is communism

A system where the community or the government owns all land, factories, and businesses, and everyone shares the wealth equally.

What is Nationalism

Nationalism is an ideology stating that people who share a common language, culture, and history should govern themselves as an independent

What is liberalism

Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy that puts individual liberty, human rights, and equality before the law at the center of a fair society

Why was Charles X unpopular after he took over as King of France

He reinstated absolute monarchy in France and when the liberals rebelled he responded by using his army against the citizens

What did Louis Phillipe do to live up to his name as “citizen king”

He vowed to be a king for the people

How did Louis Napoleon win the presidential election in the Second French Republic

Louis Napoleon won the election by using a plebiscite, a ballot where voters have a direct say on the issue, to win approval and power. After he became president he abolished the republic and crowned himself Emperor of the French and Napoleon III

What is universal manhood suffrage

It describes the right of any man to vote

What did Louis Napoleon do to keep his position of power in the French government

What was the first successful slave revolt in the Western Hemisphere

Haiti

What is Mercantilism

Where colonies must buy manufactured goods from their home country and then sell their own resources to them (economic practice put into place in Latin America by European countries)

Who was Simon Bolivar

Native born creole from Venezuela who was inspired by the Enlightenment. Helped to defeat the Spanish in Colombia in 1819 and the gave independence for Peru and Venezuela

Who led the fight for Mexican Independence

Father Hidalgo

Who was responsible for Brazilian independence

Dom Pedro (Pedro 1)

What was the Monroe Doctrine

A document written by James Monroe that states that Latin America must remain independent and Europeans that interfere with Latin America were a threat to America’s peace and safety so they would fight for them.

Otto von Bismarck called Germans to work together for unification in which speech

Blood and Iron

What did Camillo Cavour do to unify Italy

He worried Red shirts might take control of southern Italy so he united the north to stand against them. He then United with Garibaldi who gave his power to Victor Emmanuel II and he joined both the north and south together

What made Italian unification especially difficult

Which German speaking French territories were part of the final piece of the puzzle for German unification

Alsace and Lorraine

Define Realpolitik

Real politics. You follow the people's ideas, but you are still the leader. So basically, realistic politics based on the needs of the state. The ability to adapt to political, military and social changes.

What is an ideology

A system of thoughts and beliefs

What were three Victorian Values

Duty, thrift, honesty hard work, And most of all Respectability

Name two of the reforms in the British Great Reform Act of 1832

Redistributed seats in the House of Commons, giving representation to large towns and cities and eliminating rotten boroughs.

New Stuff

Which European country held the most territory in Africa

French territory

Which European country held the most territory in Asia

(This includes India)

Which technological advancement in weaponry helped the British to take control of Africa

Maxim gun (world’s first automatic machine gun)

What was the biggest reason Africa was not colonized by Europeans until the 1800s

Europeans had a hard time going into Africa because the rivers were hard to navigate and they were being exposed to disease that they had never been exposed to before, so it killed them.

Why was the Zulu tribe one of the most powerful tribes in Africa

They were skilled and organized fighters with King Shaka as the leader

Which invention helped Europeans explore African jungle waterways

Steam powered ships

What was the name of the Dutch settlers that settled in Cape Colony in South Africa

Boers

Which long, drawn out war did the British fight in Africa against other ethnic Europeans

Describe a Pasha

What did the Suez Canal accomplish

It allowed England to control trade in Africa

What was the Armenian Genocide

Who helped Egypt become one of the most modern and powerful of the Middle Eastern states

Muhammad Ali

Which British company was in control of much of India before even the British Crown

The East India Company

What was the British Raj

England ruling in India that used A system that called indirect rule to govern India, British Kingdom in India

Explain the difference between Direct and Indirect rules. Provide an example

What is the largest religion in India

Hindusium

List two ways the British controlled the Sepoys and how this led to the Sepoy rebellion

The sepoys were required to leave India to fight in the British army abroad, but they were duty bound to protect India. So they can't leave because no one would be there to protect it. Also the Hindu soldiers were forced to load their rifles with ammo packs that were greased in cow fat; which was against the Hindu religion because they are not allowed to eat beef. The rebellion started to protest against British rule.

Who were the sepoys

Indian Soldiers

What was the Sati

A hindu practice where a widow must join her husband in death. When they go to cremate the husband the wife has to throw herself on top of her dead husband and get burned with her husband.

What did the British gain by defeating the Chinese in the Opium War

Chinese tea, silks, and spices to make massive profits