geography revision term 1 year 8

What is a sweatshop?

Factories (often in LICs/NEEs) making clothes, shoes, or electronics for rich-country brands.

Why do sweatshops exist?

Globalisation lets companies move production to poorer countries (e.g., Bangladesh, Vietnam) for cheap labour.

What are the negative impacts of sweatshops?

Low wages, 12+ hour days, unsafe buildings, fire risks, illegal child labour, and no union rights.

What is globalisation?

Countries becoming more connected through trade, culture, technology, and communication.

What are the economic benefits of globalisation?

More jobs, higher incomes in emerging economies, and global market access for local businesses.

What are the social and cultural benefits of globalisation?

Experiencing new food, music, fashion, and media, plus better access to tech and education.

What are the environmental benefits of globalisation?

Companies adopt green tech across countries and spread sustainability and health ideas.

What is development?

Improving people's lives and a country making progress.

What is standard of living?

The level of wealth, comfort, material goods, and necessities available to people.

What is quality of life?

How happy and contented people are with their lives.

What is an HIC?

A High-Income Country with a strong economy, high living standards, and good services (e.g., UK, USA, Germany, Japan).

What is an LIC?

A Low-Income Country with a weak economy, low living standards, and limited services (e.g., Kenya, Ghana, Bolivia, Nepal).

What are the economic indicators of development?

GDP per capita (average income per person) and employment structure (% in primary, secondary, tertiary sectors).

How does employment structure differ between LICs and HICs?

LICs have more primary workers (farming), while HICs have more tertiary workers (services).

What are the three social indicators of development?

Life expectancy (average age), infant mortality (baby deaths before age 1 per 1,000), and literacy rate (% who read/write).

What is the development gap?

The difference in wealth, health, and living standards between the richest and poorest countries.

What are the physical and economic causes of the development gap?

Physical: poor climate, disasters, few resources. Economic: low GDP, reliance on farming, high debt.

What are the historical, social, and political causes of the development gap?

Historical: colonisation/unequal trade. Social: poor education/healthcare. Political: corruption, weak government, conflict.

Where is Ghana and what is its development level?

Located in West Africa (population ~33 million)

What are Ghana's main industries and climate?

Farming (cocoa, maize), mining, and small-scale trade in a hot climate with wet and dry seasons.

Why is life tough in rural Ghana?

Reliance on small-scale farming, poverty, long walks for clean water, bad roads, few hospitals, and diseases (malaria, cholera).

What are the education challenges in rural Ghana?

Long walks to school, teacher shortages, lack of books/desks, kids missing school to farm, and gender inequality for girls.

What are the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?

17 global goals set by the UN in 2015 to end poverty, protect the planet, and reduce inequality by 2030.

What are UN SDGs 1 to 6?

1 No Poverty, 2 Zero Hunger, 3 Good Health, 4 Quality Education, 5 Gender Equality, 6 Clean Water and Sanitation.

What are UN SDGs 7 to 12?

7 Clean Energy, 8 Decent Work, 9 Industry/Infrastructure, 10 Reduced Inequalities, 11 Sustainable Cities, 12 Responsible Consumption.

What are UN SDGs 13 to 17?

13 Climate Action, 14 Life Below Water, 15 Life on Land, 16 Peace and Justice, 17 Partnerships for the Goals.

How do SDG 1 and SDG 4 reduce the development gap?

SDG 1 (No Poverty) provides jobs and income support

How do SDG 6 and SDG 7 reduce the development gap?

SDG 6 (Clean Water) improves health and saves walking time

What is Fair Trade?

A system ensuring producers in LICs/NEEs get a fair price, safe working conditions, and community support.

What are the four key features of Fair Trade?

Fair wages, safe working conditions, community support (profits invested in schools/healthcare), and sustainable farming.

What are common Fair Trade products?

Coffee, cocoa, chocolate, tea, bananas, and handicrafts.

Why does Fair Trade matter?

It reduces worker exploitation in LICs, promotes education/development, and shrinks the development gap.

What is inequality within a country?

Differences in wealth, income, and opportunities between people in the same country (e.g., urban vs. rural).

What are the four causes of inequality within a country?

Economic (jobs/wages), social (education/healthcare), geographical (remote areas lacking services), and political (unequal investment/corruption).

What is life like in Ramallah (Palestine)?

Moderate density, well-developed infrastructure, better hospitals/schools, office jobs, and reliable water/electricity.

What is life like in Gaza (Palestine)?

Extreme overcrowding, damaged infrastructure, overcrowded hospitals/schools, high unemployment, contaminated water, and power cuts.

What is life like in East Jerusalem (Palestine)?

Varied density and unequal access or restrictions on hospitals, schools, jobs, water, and electricity.

What is the key exam rule for opinion questions?

Choose only ONE side and stick to it.

How do you answer a "Describe" question?

State facts and details—what it is and how it affects people.

How do you answer an "Explain" question?

Use connectives like "because" and "so that" to link cause and effect.

How do you answer an "Evaluate" question?

Balance positives and negatives, then give a clear final judgement choosing one side.