Bio 191 Unit 2

Prokaryotic Cell

Single celled organism including bacteria and archaea with no membrane-bound organelles. DNA is in the nucleoid while the cytoplasm is bound by the plasma membrane.

Eukaryotic Cell

Multi-celled organisms that include Eukarya (plants, fungi, and animals). Have membrane bound organelles.

Organelles

Only in Eukaryotic cells where different cells have similar or the same parts

Nucleus

Contains DNA, but it does not contain DNA for the mitochondria or chloroplasts

Nuclear Envelope

Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm with a double phospholipid bilayer. Has pore complexes which allow for proteins to move in/out

Nuclear Lamina

Protein filament lining on the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope. Maintains the structure of the nucleus.

Nuclear Matrix

Framework of fibers extending into the nucleus interior

Chromosomes

Structures that carry genetic information. Made of chromatin.

Nucleolus

Site of Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis. rRNA and proteins are turned into ribosomal subunits. Subunits then return to the cytoplasm to form ribosomes.

Ribosomes

Not organelles or membrane-bound. Made up of rRNA and protein. Carry out protein synthesis: translation

Free Ribosomes

Suspended in the cytosol. Synthesis cytosolic proteins

Bounded Ribosomes

Attached to the outside of the ER/Nuclear Envelope. Synthesizes membrane-bound or secretory proteins.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Accounts for more than half of the total membrane. Consists of cisternae. Continuous with the nuclear envelope

Smooth ER

Plays a role in metabolic processes. Synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies drugs/poison, serves as a calcium reservoir, and rich in enzymes.

Rough ER

Makes glycoproteins, membranes, phospholipids, and membrane-bound proteins. Also produces Secretory Proteins: bound ribosomes built by polypeptide chains which are fed into the ER lumen. Then secreted into transport proteins.

Golgi Apparatus

Manufactures macromolecules such as pectin. Modifies production of the ER. Sorts and packages material into transport vesicles. Highly dynamic, and have cisternae.

Cisternae

Membranous tubules and sacs. Separates cytosol from the ER’s internal compartment (lumen)

Cis Face

Located near the ER, receiving end, vesicles from the rough ER fuse here.

Trans Face

Located away from the ER, shipped end, vesicles can pinch off for transportation

Lysosomes

Membranous sacs of hydrolic enzymes that digests macromolecules in animal cells. Acidic environment

Phagocytosis

Engulfing smaller matter into a food vacuole which then fuses with lysosomes

Autophagy

Recycling of organelles/macromolecules which fuse with lysosomes

Vacuoles

Vesicles from the ER and Golgi Apparatus.

Contractive Vacuoles

Pumps water out

Central Vacuole

Holds water/minerals in plant cells