Anatomy Exam 2

Fibrous joint

Dense regular CT connects bones

Synovial

Ligaments/articular capsule connects bones

Suture (synarthrotic)

Short dense regular CT fibers, skull (movement)

Syndesmosis (amphiarthrotic)

Longer dense regular CT fibers, long bones (movement)

Gomphosis (synarthrotic)

Tooth anchored into its socket by the periodontal ligament (movement)

Suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis

Types of fibrous joints

Synchondrosis (synarthrotic)

Hyaline cartilage, epiphyseal plate

Symphysis (amphiarthrotic)

Fibrocartilage, intervertebral discs

Synchondrosis, symphysis

Types of cartilaginous joints

Hinge, pivot

Uniaxial joints

Biaxial joints

Condyloid, saddle

Ball-and-Socket

Multiaxial joint

Intercarpal

Example of plane joint, found inside the wrist

Elbow

Example of hinge joint

Proximal radioulnar

Example of pivot joint near elbow, connects top of outer forearm bone to inner

Wrist

Example of condyloid joint

Thumb

Example of saddle joint

Shoulder + hip

Examples of ball + socket joint

Articular capsule

Encloses the joint + has 2 layers (outer fibrous + inner synovial)

Outer fibrous capsule (dense irregular)

Layer of articular capsule made of (____) CT (strength), extension of periosteum

Inner synovial membrane (loose)

Layer of articular capsule made of (___) CT, vascular, produces synovial fluid

Synovial fluid

Lubricant inside the capsule, consists of blood filtrate + glycoproteins, nourishes chondrocytes

Ligament (dense regular)

Connects bone/reiforces joints (type of ct)

Friction

Role of bursae + tendon sheath

Femur, tibia, patella

3 bones knee

Femeropatellar

Plane joint, glides against femur, works w/ quads during leg extension

Tibiofemoral

Hinge joint, bicondylar/biaxial, allows for leg extension/rotation, bears body weight

Menisci

Fibrocartilage discs above tibial plateau enlarge contact b/n femur/tibia, guide/support condyles, inc surface which weight is transferred

ACL

Prevents anterior sliding of tibia

PCL

Prevents anterior sliding of femur

Rheumatoid arthritis

Inflammed synovial membrane forms pannus which can damage cartilage + bone

Osteoarthritis

Articular cartilage breaks down over time, bone-bone contact damages articular surfaces

Gout

H blood uric acid leads to crystal precipitating in synovial joints

Sprain

Ligament stretched/torn

Strain

Muscle/tendon stretched/torn

Agonist

Prime mover

Bracialis in elbow flexion

Triceps brachii

Antagonist in elbow flexion

Synergists

Muscles that work together

Fixator

Synergists that holds a bone firmly in place allowing for more efficiency (muscles stabilizing the scapula/shoulder act as ___ in elbow flexion)

Excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity

4 characteristics of muscle tissue

Extensibility, elasticity

Ability to be pulled back to resting length, ability to be pulled beyond + returned to resting length

Endomysium (loose areolar)

Surrounds one muscle fiber (type of CT)

Perimysium (dense)

Surrounds one fascicle (type of CT)

Epimysium (dense irregular)

Surrounds entire muscle (type of CT)

Skeletal muscle fiber characteristics

Long, cylindrical, multinucleated, striated, voluntary

Muscle, fascicle, muscle fiber, myofibril, sarcomere, myofilament

Organizational levels of skeletal muscle (large to small)

Fascicle

Bundle of muscle fibers

Myofibril

Rodlike bundle running through muscle fiber

Sarcomere

Repeating functional contractile unit w/I a myofibril

Myofilaments (actin, myosin)

Proteins making up the sarcomere (thin, thick)

Sliding filament theory

Actin + myosin filaments slide across one another during contraction (sarcomere shortens, myofibril shortens, muscle fiber shortens, muscle contracts)

Elasticity

Role of titin in sarcomere

Motor unit

1 motor neuron + all muscle fibers it innervates

When motor neuron activates them, all fibers belonging to motor unit contract at same time

Insertion

Attachment site that moves when the muscle shortens unlike origin

Tendon (dense regular)

Rope-like (__) CT that connects muscle to bone

Aponeurosis

Flat sheet-like, attaches muscle to bone

Direct attachment

Short dense regular CT fibers connect muscle to bone

Indirect attachment

Long dense regular CT fibers connect muscle to bone (tendon/aponeurosis)

Cardiac muscle characteristics

Striated, branched, involuntary, mostly uninucleated (some 2), intercalated discs, inherent rhythmicity

Intercalated discs (cardiac)

Found in (___) muscle, contains gap junctions + desmosomes

Inherent rhythmicity (cardiac)

Ability to initiate their own contraction w/o stimulation (type of muscle tissue)

Smooth muscle characteristics

Found w/I walls of most internal organs, small + spindle-shaped, uninucleated, no striations, involuntary, regeneration

Smooth, circular, longitudinal

(___) muscle contains two perpendicular layers, (__) closest to lumen, + (___) wrapped around that layer

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Order of organs in alimentary canal

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Accessory digestive organs

Ingestion, propulsion, mechanical + chemical digestion, absorption, defecation

6 essential food-processing activities

Peristalsis

Propels food forward thru coordinated muscle contraction, primarily propulsion

Segmentation

Mixes food back + forth, alternating localized contractions, mechanical digestion, small intestine

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

4 layers of alimentary canal from innermost to outermost

Mucosa

Layer of alimentary canal containing the epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

Protection, secretion, absorption, localized movement

Submucosa

Layer of alimentary canal containing CT, blood vessels, glands, nerve plexus

Support, blood supply, regulation of secretions

Muscularis externa

Layer of alimentary canal containing circular + longitudinal muscle

Peristalsis + segmentation

Serosa

Layer of alimentary canal containing simple squamous epithelium + loose areolar CT

Protective outer serous membrane

Lamina propria (loose areolar)

(____) CT containing capillaries + MALT in mucosa

Muscularis mucosae (mucosa)

Thin smooth muscle producing localized movements in the (___)

Adventitia

FIbrous CT replacing serosa along most of the esophagus

Myentric nerve plexus

Plexus found in muscularis externa b/n muscle layers, controls peristalsis + segmentation

Submucosal nerve plexus

Which nerve plexus controls glandular secretions + muscularis mucosae

Oral cavity

Site of ingestion, chewing, + beginning carb digestion

Filiform papillae

Provides roughness in the oral cavity

Taste buds

Function of fungiform + circumvallate papillae in the oral cavity

Parotid gland

Gland found near ear, secretes saliva

Submandibular (digestive enzymes)

Gland found beneath mandible, mix of serous (____) + mucous secretions

Sublingual

Gland found beneath tongue, secretes primarily mucus

Skeletal vs. smooth muscle

Upper third of muscularis externa is made of ____, while lower third is made of _______

Stomach

Stores + churns food into chyme, begins significant protein digestion

Cardiac

Sphincter helps prevent reflux in the stomach

Pyloric

Sphincter regulates chyme entering duodenum in the stomach

Rugae

Allows expansion in the stomach

Mucous, parietal, chief, enteroendocrine

Cells of the stomach

Parietal cell

Cell found in stomach that secretes HCl + intrinsic factor to acidify stomach, support b12 absorption

Chief cell

Cell found in stomach that secretes pepsinogen, begins protein digestion

Enteroendocrine cell

Cell found in stomach that secretes gastrin, absorption

Small intestine

Main site of chemical digestion + nutrient absorption

Duodenum

Receives chyme, bile, pancreatic juices

Jejunum

Majority of nutrient absorption occurs in this region of the small intestine

Ileum

Continued absorption in the small intestine, contain Peyer’s patches

Pilae circulares

Folds of mucosa + submucosa

Enterocytes, goblet, enteroendocrine, paneth

Specialized cells of the small intestine

Enterocyte

Cell of small intestine absorbs nutrients