Animal Science 1

Comprehensive vocabulary review flashcards covering farm animal anatomy, physiology, genetics, nutrition, welfare, production management, and meat/dairy science from both master review notes.

Osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells located in the periosteum that secrete collagen and mineralize bone tissue.

Osteoclasts

Multinucleated cells responsible for resorbing bone during the continuous remodeling process.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells situated within lacunae that maintain structural bone tissue.

Sesamoid Bones

Small bones such as the patella embedded within tendons to reduce friction and guide tendon movement.

Pneumatic Bones

Lightweight skeletal structures containing air-filled spaces, characteristic of avian species like bird maxillary bones.

Endochondral Ossification

The developmental process of osteogenesis wherein bone forms directly from a pre-existing cartilage model, typical of long bones.

Intramembranous Ossification

The developmental pathway wherein bone forms directly within primitive mesenchymal connective tissue, such as in the skull.

Epiphyseal Plate

The cartilaginous growth plate divided into growth, transformation, and ossification zones that facilitates longitudinal bone growth.

Afferent Neurons

Sensory nerve cells that transmit action potentials from sensory organs and periphery toward the central nervous system (CNS).

Efferent Neurons

Motor nerve cells that carry impulses away from the central nervous system (CNS) to effector organs and muscles.

Esophageal Groove

A anatomical fold in young ruminants that channels milk past the rumen and reticulum directly into the abomasum to prevent microbial fermentation.

Reticulum

The ruminant stomach compartment that filters digesta, coordinates microbial digestion, and assists in cud formation for regurgitation.

Abomasum

The glandular 'true stomach' of ruminants responsible for enzymatic and acid digestion.

Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs)

Primary fermentation metabolites produced by microbes in the rumen—chiefly acetic, propionic, and butyric acids—that serve as the animal's principal energy source.

Catabolism

The destructive metabolic phase involving enzymatic breakdown of complex molecules to release chemical energy.

Anabolism

The constructive metabolic process by which the body synthesizes complex structural and functional molecules from smaller precursor units.

Additive Effect

The individual phenotypic contribution exerted by each allele at a genetic locus without interaction with other alleles.

Epistasis

A non-additive allelic interaction in which a gene at one locus suppresses or masks the expression of a gene located at an entirely different locus.

Hybrid Vigor (Heterosis)

The superior performance exhibited by heterozygous crossbred offspring relative to the average phenotypic value of their homozygous parents, commonly observed in the $F_1$ generation.

Multiple Ovulation and Embryo Transfer (MOET)

An advanced reproductive biotechnology that stimulates superovulation in genetically superior females to collect and transfer multiple embryos into recipient dams.

Hardy-Weinberg Law

A population genetics theorem stating that allele and genotype frequencies remain constant across generations assuming large population size, random mating, and no mutation, selection, or migration.

Generation Interval

The average age of parental stock at the time when their replacement offspring are born.

Autosomal Linkage

The inheritance pattern observed when two or more genes reside together on the same non-sex chromosome (autosome).

Test-Crossing

The breeding of an individual exhibiting an unknown genotype with an individual of known homozygous recessive genotype to identify the former's alleles.

Flushing

The swine management strategy of increasing energy feed intake by $0.5\text{–}1.0\,\text{kg}$ daily for $10\text{–}14\text{ days}$ prior to mating to enhance ovulation rate.

Barrow

A male swine that was castrated before the development of secondary sexual characteristics.

Shote

A young, growing pig of either sex weighing approximately $60\,\text{kg}$.

Primiparous Sow

A female pig that has given birth (farrowed) to only one litter.

Open Sow

A sow that has had her litter weaned but has not yet been bred or confirmed pregnant.

Polytocous

Animals that routinely produce multiple offspring in a single gestation period, such as swine.

Bos indicus

Zebu-derived humped cattle breeds adapted to tropical climates featuring prominent humps, large pendulous ears, excess dewlap skin, and high heat and tick resistance.

Bos taurus

European non-humped cattle breeds physiologically adapted to temperate climatic regions.

Capon

A male chicken (cockerel) surgically castrated and raised up to $4\text{ months}$ to reach up to $3\,\text{kg}$ for premium meat quality.

Debeaking

The management procedure of trimming poultry mandibles using an electrically heated cauterizing blade at $815^\circ\text{C}$ to suppress cannibalistic behavior.

Dubbing

The surgical removal of the comb, wattles, or earlobes in poultry to leave a smooth head surface.

Oviposition

The physiological process of laying or extruding an egg from the female reproductive tract.

Primaries

The longest flight feathers of a bird's wing situated between the pinions and secondaries that remain concealed when the wing is folded.

Secondaries

Large wing feathers growing along the wing span nearest the body that remain visible when the wing is folded.

Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)

A production efficiency metric expressed as total feed intake divided by live body weight gain, where lower values signify superior efficiency.

Dressing Percentage

The yield measurement evaluating carcass mass relative to live animal mass, calculated as $\frac{\text{Carcass weight}}{\text{Live weight}} \times 100$.

Hot Meat

Meat originating from an illegal or uninspected source that bypasses accredited regulatory slaughter facilities.

Carabeef

The meat harvested from carabaos (water buffalo) over $1\text{ year}$ of age.

Chevon

The meat obtained from mature or slaughter-ready goats.

Veal

The meat obtained from young cattle slaughtered under $1\text{ year}$ of age.

NMIS 'AM' Slaughterhouse

A Philippine meat establishment accredited with facilities and procedures adequate for selling meat anywhere across the national territory.

NMIS 'A' Slaughterhouse

A Philippine meat establishment operating with minimum adequacy, legally restricting meat distribution exclusively within the local city or municipality.

Holding Method Pasteurization

A batch heat treatment procedure subjecting milk to $145^\circ\text{F}$ ($63^\circ\text{C}$) for $30\text{ minutes}$ followed by rapid chilling to eliminate pathogens.

Flash Pasteurization (HTST)

A high-temperature short-time thermal process exposing milk to $161\text{–}185^\circ\text{F}$ ($72^\circ\text{C}$) for $15\text{–}30\text{ seconds}$.

Filled Milk

A processed dairy product formulated by replacing natural butterfat with edible vegetable oils.

Recombined Milk

A manufactured dairy formulation created by blending skim milk powder (or buttermilk powder), butter oil, and potable water.

Reconstituted Milk

A liquid product formulated by dissolving whole milk powder in water to approximate the nutrient balance of whole fresh milk.

Five Freedoms

The foundational animal welfare framework providing freedom from hunger/thirst, discomfort, pain/injury/disease, fear/distress, and freedom to express normal species-typical behavior.

Break-even Point

The production or sales volume where cumulative operating and fixed enterprise revenue exactly matches total incurred costs.

Enterprise Budget

A detailed financial planning projection reflecting all expected revenues, operational expenses, and profitability for an individual agricultural enterprise.

Partial Budget

An economic analysis framework assessing the net economic change, gains, and costs associated with a proposed alteration in specific farm operations.

Cash Flow Budget

A management accounting statement that monitors projected monthly financial liquidity by tabulating anticipated cash receipts and expenditures.

Zoonosis

Any infectious disease naturally transmissible between non-human vertebrate animals and human populations, such as rabies or leptospirosis.