anatomy and physiology practical midterm 1

what is mitosis

cell division where cell nucleus divides and creates two identical daughter cells

what are the stages of mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis

what happens before mitosis

interphase

what happens in interphase and name the different stages

g1 phase - cell recovers from previous division and increase in size, synthesizes the enzymes organelles needed fro DNA replication

s phase - DNA replication happens

g2 phase - cell continues to grow and replenish energy, cell checks for any error or damage in replicated DNA before entering mitosis

what happens in prophase

chromatin coils into visible chromosomes

nuclear envelope disappears

spindle fibers attach to kinetochore of centromere

what happens in metaphase

chromosomes line up in middle of cell

what happens in anaphase

sister chromatids are pulled apart from each other to form individual chromosomes

what happens in telophase

Chromosomes reach the opposite poles and begin to decondense into chromatins

New nuclear envelope form around each new set of chromosomes

mitotic spindle breaks down

what happens in cytokinesis

cytoplasm divides

a cleavage furrow pinches the cell into two

happens during anaphase and telophase

what stage is this and what makes it obvious

cytokinesis since it looks like two cells are about to form/are divided and the chromosomes are decondenses to chromatin (become a lighter color/not noticeable)

what stage is this and what makes it obvious

telophase since DNA is still in chromosome form (the darker purple color/noticeable) and the nuclear envelope is beginning to form/cell is in middle of dividing

what stage is this and what makes it obvious

anaphase since it is still one cell but the sister chromatids are separated from each other to become individual chromosomes/are being pulled to opposite poles

what stage is this and what makes it obvious

metaphase since chromosomes are lined up in the middle of cell

what stage is this and what makes it obvious

prophase since it is a singular cell and the chromosomes are being condense to chromosomes/have a dark purple color

describe structure of Simple cuboidal epithelial tissue 

one layer and cubed-shaped cells

one layer of circular nulcei located in the middle

location of simple cuboidal epithelial tissue

Kidneys tubules and surfaces of ovaries 

function of simple cuboidal epithelial tissue

Secretion, Absorption, and move mucus

what is this

simple cuboidal epitheium

name the different parts of this simple cuboidal epithelium

A = Basement Membrane

B = Nucleus

C = Lumen

describe the structure of Simple columnar epithelial tissue

one layer and tall/column/rectangle shaped cells

oval shaped nuclei located near the basement membrane

have goblet cells

location of Simple columnar epithelial tissue

Stomach, Intestines and Uterus

function of Simple columnar epithelial tissue

Absorption and Secretion

what is this

simple columnar epithelial

name the different parts of a simple columnar epithelial tissue

A = simple columnar epithelial tissue

B = Nucleus

C = Goblet Cell

Function of goblet cell

create muscus

structure of Pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue

look like stratified but is actually simple (one layer)

tall, thin cells

different heights of adjacent cells and positions of nuclei

almost always have cilia and goblet cells

function of Pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue

secretion, movement of mucus, and protection

location of Pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue

Respiratory tract

what is this

pseudostratified columnar tissue

label the different parts of this tissue

A = pseudostratified columnar

B = goblet cell

C = Cilia

structure of Stratified squamous epithelial tissue

multiple layers

flat cells near the apical surface

near basement layers, the cells look cuboidal

can be keratinized (no organelles or nucleus present) or non-keratinized (nucleus and organelles present)

function of Stratified squamous epithelial tissue

keratinized = waterproof, helps prevent water loss

non-keratinized = Remains moist and protects internal surfaces from abrasion

location of stratified squamous epithelial tissue

keratinized = epidermis

non-keratinized = Mouth, Esophagus and Vagina

what is this

stratified squamous epithelium

describe structure of stratified cubodial

multiple layers

cube-shaped cells

circular nuclei

function of stratified cubodial

 Secretion and Protection

location of stratified cubodial

Sweat glands ducts and Salivary glands ducts

what is this

stratified cuboidal epithelium

describe structure of Transitional epithelial tissue

layers with all kinds of shaped cells, looks messy

on apicial surface, cells look like dome-shaped

looks cuboidal when unstretched and squamous when stretched

function of Transitional epithelial tissue

Stretching and Protection

location of Transitional epithelial tissue

Urinary bladder; stretches as bladders fills with urine

what is this

Transitional epithelial tissue

describe structure of Reticular connective tissue

Loose = Fewer fibers and more ground substance

decliate and mesh like framework

function of reticular connective tissue

Creates a supportive network

location of reticular connective tissue

Leukocytes, Lymph nodes, and Bone marrow

what is this

loose connective tissue, reticular

describe structure of adipose connective tissue

contains adipocytes, which are lipid-filled cells

function of adipose connective tissue

Protecting, insulation, and storage of energy

what is this

loose connective tissue, adipose

structure of dense regular connective tissue

protein fibers run parallel/looks like a straight line

more fibers and less ground substance

fiber protein = collagen and elastic

location of dense regular connective tissue

Tendons and Ligaments

what is this

dense regular connective tissue

describe structure of Hyaline cartilage

smooth

chondrocytes look less compact

fibers = collagen

function of hyaline cartilage

Provides smooth surfaces for joints

Allows for growth of long bones

Supports structures while maintaining flexibility

Helps keep airways open

location of hyaline cartilage

Nose, Trachea, end of bones at joints

what is this

Hyaline cartilage

describe structure of Elastic cartilage

A = Perichondrium (dense connective tissue that surrounds cartilages)

B = Chondrocytes (cartilage cells that maintain cartilage tissue)

C = Lacunae (small cavities where chondrocytes live in)

D = Elastic Fibers

function of elastic cartilage

flexible but maintains shape

location of elastic cartilage

External ear, and Epiglotti

what is this

Elastic cartilage

what is this

compact bone

describe structure of the bone

A = oteocytes within lacunae

B = Lamae (bone matrix)

C = central canal of oseton

fibers = collagen

what is this

skeletal muscle

what are the layers of the Integumentary System (superficial to deep)

epidermis, dermis, and Subcutaneous tissue

what are the layers to the epidermis layer (superficial to deep)

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale

what is this

stratum basale of the epidermal layer

what is this

stratum spinosum of the epidermal layer

what is this

stratum granulosum of the epidermal layer

what is this

stratum corneum of the epidermal layer

what are the layers to the dermis layer (superficial to deep)

papillary dermis and reticular dermis

what happens in stratum basale

where skin cells (keratinocytes) form and divide cells

Produces new skin cells through mitosis - every 19 days

2 daughter cells: 1 stays at basement layer (attaches to hemidesmosomes), 1 goes superficially up (40-56 days) 

Replaces old, damaged, or dead skin cells

what happens in stratum spinosum

8-10 layers

Still alive, stay metabolically active

Provide strength and flexibility to the skin

Helps cells resist stretching and physical stress

what happens in stratum granulosum

3-5 layers

Keratinization becomes more pronounced

Cells release lipids that help form a water resistant barrier

begin to die since no enough nutrients are provided here

what happens in stratum lucidum

thin layer

found only in thick skin

Provides protection in areas exposed to friction/palms and soles

what happens in stratum corneum

layers of dead, flattened, keratin filled cells

25+ layers squamous cells, joined by desmosomes

Maintain protective barrier and prevents excess water loss

Protects against bacterias, chemicals, and physical damage

what is this

Papillary dermis of the dermis layer

what is the papillary dermis

thin and superficial layer of the dermis

located directly beneath the epidermis

Helps connect the epidermis to dermis to provide nutrients

Supplies oxygen, Temperature control, Sensation (detects touch, pain, temperature)

what is this

Reticular dermis of the dermis layer

what is the reticular dermis

deep, thick bottom layer of the dermis

sitting right above the subcutaneous tissue

Composed of dense irregular connective tissue

describe the layers of the integumary system

A = Stratum Corneum

B = Stratified Squamous Keratinized
C = Loose connective tissue

D = Dense connective tissue

function of the integumary system