PSYC 2117 Exam 2: Child and Adolescent Development Flashcards | Quizlet

What are fine motor skills?

Control and coordination of smaller muscles in the body for precise actions, such as zipping zippers or writing.

What is myelination?

The process in which neurons are coated with myelin to speed up neurotransmission.

What is synaptic pruning?

The elimination of synapses that are no longer used or used far less often.

What is animism?

The belief that inanimate objects, such as toys, are alive and have feelings.

Define centration.

A child's tendency to focus on one stimulus and exclude all others.

How does vocabulary change from age 2 to age 6?

At age 2, children have around 500 words; by age 6, they have approximately 14,000 words.

What is fast mapping in language development?

A process where children learn new words after a brief encounter.

What are overregularization errors in grammar?

When children apply grammatical rules too stringently, such as saying 'goed' instead of 'went.'

What is Theory of Mind?

The understanding that others have different ideas, beliefs, and perspectives.

At what age does the brain reach 95% of its full size?

By age six.

What is the recommended amount of physical activity for children?

60 minutes or more of moderate to vigorous daily physical activity.

What is Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?

A disorder characterized by persistent difficulties in attention and impulsivity, affecting 8% of 4-11 year-olds.

What characterizes Dyslexia?

Unusual difficulty in matching characters to sounds and word recognition, affecting reading abilities.

What is Dysgraphia?

A developmental disorder that affects writing abilities, including writing, spelling, and conveying thoughts on paper.

What is Erikson's Industry vs. Inferiority stage?

A conflict where children must develop competence through tasks and overcome feelings of inferiority.

What is the Dual Systems Model of Brain Development?

A model proposing that adolescent risk-taking results from a mismatch between early-maturing socioemotional systems and later-maturing cognitive control systems.

Where do adolescents primarily receive information about sex?

From various sources: Parents (12%), Siblings (25%), Relatives (5%), Teachers (20%), Miscellaneous sources (33%).

What are the leading causes of death in adolescence?

Suicide, self-harm, and tuberculosis.

What is hypothetical deductive reasoning?

The ability to solve problems systematically by developing and testing hypotheses.

What is the imaginary audience phenomenon?

The belief that one is the focus of everyone's attention, even when no one is actually watching.

What is the invincibility fable?

The belief that one cannot be harmed by things that would harm or defeat others.

What is identity diffusion?

A status where an individual has not explored alternative beliefs or made commitments. Commonly marked by uncertainty; low commitment, low exploration.

What is identity foreclosure?

A status where a person has made commitments to beliefs but has not explored alternatives; high commitment, low exploration.

What is identity moratorium?

A status where a person is actively exploring alternative beliefs; low commitment, high exploration.

What are cliques in adolescent peer relationships?

Tightly knit peer groups of about three to eight close friends who share similarities.