Sex, Gender, and Gender-Based Discrimination

Vocabulary flashcards covering the concepts of sex, gender identities, SOGIESC, societal discrimination, and Philippine legal protections.

Sex

The biological characteristics of the body, determined by chromosomes, hormones, and reproductive organs, which generally do not change without medical intervention.

Gender

The social and cultural roles, behaviors, expectations, and personal identity associated with being male or female, which evolve across time and cultures.

Male

A biological sex classification typically characterized by XY chromosomes, higher levels of testosterone, and male reproductive anatomy.

Female

A biological sex classification typically characterized by XX chromosomes, higher levels of estrogen, and female reproductive anatomy.

Intersex

A term describing individuals born with biological traits (chromosomes, hormones, or anatomy) that do not fit standard medical definitions of male or female; recognized as a natural human variation rather than a disease or disability.

Gender Identity

A person's deeply felt, internal, and individual sense of who they are and the gender with which they identify.

Cisgender

An individual whose gender identity aligns with the biological sex assigned to them at birth.

Transgender

An individual whose gender identity differs from the biological sex assigned to them at birth.

Agender

A gender identity that is not exclusively male or female.

Genderfluid

A gender identity that fluctuates or shifts over time rather than remaining static.

Agender

An individual who identifies as having no gender or does not identify with any gender category.

Genderqueer

An umbrella term used by individuals who do not conform to the conventional binary division of male and female.

Sexual Orientation

An individual's pattern of romantic, emotional, or physical attraction toward others (e.g., heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, asexual).

Gender Expression

The external presentation of gender through clothing, behaviors, mannerisms, speech, and overall appearance (such as masculine, feminine, or androgynous).

Sex Characteristics

The physical and anatomical traits of the human body that relate directly to biological sex.

Gender Role

Societal expectations, accepted behaviors, and responsibilities designated for individuals based on their sex or gender.

Gender Stereotype

A generalized and oversimplified belief or preconception regarding the traits, behaviors, or capabilities of men and women.

Gender Equality

The state of having equal rights, responsibilities, opportunities, dignity, and respect for all individuals regardless of their gender.

Gender Sensitivity

The recognition and understanding of the differing needs, experiences, and circumstances of individuals of different genders to avoid unfair treatment and bias.

Gender Discrimination

The unequal, unfair, or prejudicial treatment of an individual on the basis of their sex, gender, or gender identity, resulting in curtailed rights or opportunities.

Babaylan

Pre-colonial Philippine spiritual leaders—either women or feminized men wearing women's clothing—who held elevated social, religious, and community standing.

Gender and Development (GAD)

A Philippine government program and framework designed to promote gender equality and integrate gender perspectives into development policies and initiatives.

SOGIE Equality Bill

A proposed legislative measure in the Philippines that aims to prohibit and penalize discrimination based on sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender expression.

1987 Philippine Constitution (Gender Provisions)

The supreme law of the Philippines that guarantees equal protection and fundamental equality before the law for both women and men.

Magna Carta of Women (RA 9710)

A Philippine law that protects and advances the rights of women while actively promoting gender equality across all sectors of society.

Safe Spaces Act (RA 11313)

A Philippine law addressing and penalizing gender-based sexual harassment in public streets, private establishments, educational institutions, workplaces, and online environments.

Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995 (RA 7877)

A Philippine law that criminalizes and addresses sexual harassment occurring within employment, educational, and training environments.

Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act of 2004 (RA 9262)

A Philippine law that provides legal protection and penalties against various forms of violence committed against women and their children in specified intimate relationships.

Gender Discrimination in the Workplace

Prejudicial employment practices based on gender, such as male-oriented job requirements, visual bias in candidate selection, unequal pay for equal work, and denial of promotions.