B1 cell biology

What are the two main types of cells ?

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic

What are eukaryotic cells

Cells with nucleus for example a plant and animal cell

What is a prokaryotic cell

Small cell without a nucles for example a bacteria cell

What is the function of the nucleus

Contains genetic materials (DNA) and control cells activities

What is the function of the cytoplasm

Where most cells chemical reaction takes place

What does the cell membrane do

Control substance that come in and out the cell

What is the function of mitochondria

The site of aerobic respiration where energy is released

What is the function of ribosomes

They are the site of protien synthesis

What is the function of a plant cell wall

Strengthen and supports the cell helping it maintain the shape

What is the plant cell made of

Cellulose

What is the function of chloroplast

They absorb light for photosynthesis

Which green pigment is found in chloroplast

Chlorophyll

What is the function of the permanent vacuole

Contains cell sap and helps keep the plant cell firm

What is cell sap

A liquid containing water and dissolved substances like sugar and salt

Which structures are found in both plant and animal cells

Nucleus cytoplasm cell membrane Mitrochondria and ribosomes

What structures do bacterial cells contain

Cytoplasm cell membrane cell wall ribosomes and circular DNA

Why are bacterial cells called prokaryotic

Their DNA is not in a nucleus

Where is the main DNA found in a bacterial cell

In a circular loop free in the cytoplasm

What are plasmids

Small rings in DNA in a bacteria cell contain useful genes such as antibiotics resistance

What is the function of bacterial flagellum

Helps bacterium move

How does bacterial DNA differ feom animal cell DNA

In a bacteria cell the DNA is free in a cytoplasm and in a animal cell DNA is enclosed in a nucleus

Are mitrochondria and chloroplast found in a bacteria cell

No

What is a light microscope used for

Magnifying cells and structures using visible light

What is an electron microscope used for

Seeing smaller cells in greater details

Which microscope has greater magnification and resolution

Electron microscope

What is resolution

The ability to distinguish two close points are separate

What is magnification

How big the object got compa To the real object

What is magnification formula

Image size/real size = magnification

How do you calculate real size

Image size/magnification = real size

How do you calculate image size

Real size x magnification = image size

What must you do befor using magnification formula

Make sure image and real size are same units

How many micrometers are in 1 milimetre

1,000

How many nanometres are in 1 micrometre

1,000

What is cell differentiation

When cell changes for a specialised or a particular function

What is a specialised cell

A cell that carries out a particular function

What is a sperm cell adapted to do

Swim to and fertilise an egg

How is a sperm cell adapted for movement

Long tails that propells it

Why do sperm cell contain many mitrochondira

Release energy for movement

What is the function of acresome in a sperm cell

Contains enzymes helps sperm pentrate the eggs outer layer

How is a sperm cell adapted to fertilise an egg

It contains a certain type of nucleus that contains genetic material

What is a nerve cell adapted to do

Transmit electrical impulses around the body

How is a nerve cell adapted to do this function

Long axon and branched ends to connect with other cells

What is the function of root hair cell

Absorbs water and minerals ions from the soil

How is root hair cell adapted to absorb substances

Long hair so bigger surface area

Why do root hair cell have mitochondria

Supply energy for active transport of mineral ions

What is the function of a red blood cell

Transport oxygen around the body

How is a red blood cell adapted to carry oxygen

Lacks a nucleus when mature

What is the function of muscle cell

Contract to produce movement

How are muscle cell adapted to contract

Contains protein and mitrochondria for energy

What is function of ciliated epitheial cell

Move substances

What is mitosis

Cell division produces 2 identical daughter cells

Why is mitosis important

Growth tissure repair and replaced damage or old cells

How many chromosomes are in a human body

46 chromosome in pair so 23 pairs

How many chromosomes in a human cell after mitosis

Each daughter cell has 46 chromosomes

What happend to DNA befor mitosis

DNA is replicated chromosomes is copied

What happends during mitosis

Chromosomes separate and then nucleus divide so the cells divide

How many daughter cells are produced by mitosis

2 daughter cells

Are the daughter cells by mitosis identical

Yes

What is the cell cycle

Cell growth DNA replicate then divide

What happends during growth stage in cell cycle

Cells grows and replicates into a DNA

What are stem cells

Differnwt cells that can divide and turn into specialised cell

Where are embryonic stem cells found

Early stage embryos

Where are adult cells found in humans

Tissues bone marrow

Where are stem cells found in plants

Root and shoot tips

What can plant meristem become

Differnet cells through the plant life

One possibile medical use of stem cells

Replacing damage cells treat condition such as diabetes

What is an ethical comcern about embryonic stem cells

Collecting them destroys embryo

What is a risk of stem cell treatment

Cells divide uncontrollably or partients immune system could reject it

What is diffusion

Particles moving from higher to lower concentration

Does diffusion require energy from respiration

No

Example of diffusion in a human body

Oxygen from alveoli to blood

What is concentration gradient

Different concentration in two areas

What is increaee rate of diffusion

Steeper concentration high temperature larger surface area

What is osmosis

Movement of water from diluted aolution to a concentrated solution

What does partially permable membrane do

Controls substances that enter and leave

Does osmosis require energy

No

What happend to animal in a dilute solution

Water wnters by osmosis and cell might seell and burst

What happends to animal cell in a concentrated cell

Water leaves by osmosis and cell shrinks

What happends to plant cell in a dilute solution

Water enters

What happends to plant cell in a concentrated solution

Water leaves

What is active transport

Movement of substances using energy

Does active transport need energy

Yes

how is active transport differnt from diffusion

Active need energy and moved against gradient diffuion is passive and moved down

How is osmosis different from diffusion

Osmosis is specifically for movement in water

How is active transport differnt from osmosis

Active transport ismoving with energy osmosis passive water movement

What is net movement particles

Particles moving in one direction

Why does diffuion slow down

Gradient becomes small and particles spreads out

Why is large surface area useful for exchange

More particles can cross at the same time

Why are cells small

So can exchange substances efficiently

Why do cells need oxygen and glucose

For aerobic respiration to release energy

How are cell tissues organ and organ system related

Cells make tissues tissue make organ organ make organ system