PRACTICAL 1 Blood Histology and Typing Flashcards

Vocabulary-style study flashcards focusing on histology, blood composition, cellular functions, and blood typing principles from the lecture notes.

Hematocrit (HCT)

The proportion of total blood volume occupied by packed red blood cells, averaging approximately $45\%$.

Plasma

The nonliving liquid extracellular matrix of blood, consisting of over $90\%$ water and making up about $55\%$ of total blood volume.

Hemocytoblast

The hematopoietic stem cell located in bone marrow from which all formed elements, including erythrocytes, originate.

Erythrocyte

An anucleate, biconcave disc-shaped formed element filled with hemoglobin that transports gases and has a lifespan of approximately $120\,\text{days}$.

Diapedesis

The process by which white blood cells migrate through intact blood vessel walls into surrounding tissues without causing blood vessel breakage.

Granulocyte

A class of leukocytes characterized by visible cytoplasmic granules; includes neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

Agranulocyte

A class of leukocytes that lack visible cytoplasmic granules; includes lymphocytes and monocytes.

Neutrophil

The most common leukocyte ($50-75\%$), featuring a multilobed nucleus ($2-5$ lobes) and fine pink-stained granules, which provides immediate response against bacteria and fungi.

Eosinophil

A granulocyte constituting $2-4\%$ of WBCs, featuring a bi-lobed nucleus and large red-orange cytoplasmic granules, which attacks parasitic worms and modulates allergic inflammatory responses.

Basophil

The least common leukocyte ($<1\%$), featuring a bi-lobed or S/U-shaped nucleus and coarse dark blue/purple cytoplasmic granules that release histamine and heparin.

Histamine

A chemical mediator released by basophils that increases inflammation during immune responses.

Heparin

An anticoagulant substance released by basophils that inhibits blood clotting.

Lymphocyte

The smallest leukocyte ($25-33\%$ of WBCs), featuring a large spherical nucleus and a thin rim of pale blue cytoplasm, responsible for adaptive immunity via B cells and T cells.

B cells

A subtype of lymphocytes responsible for producing antibodies.

T cells

A subtype of lymphocytes involved in cell-mediated immunity that destroy virus-infected cells, tumor cells, and tissue graft rejections.

Monocyte

The largest leukocyte ($3-8\%$ of WBCs), featuring a kidney-shaped nucleus and abundant clear pale blue/gray cytoplasm, which transforms into macrophages in tissue during chronic infections.

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Anucleate cytoplasmic fragments of cells containing deep purple-staining granules with a lifespan of $5-10\,\text{days}$ that help seal tears in blood vessels and participate in blood clotting.

Agglutinogens

Genetically determined glycoprotein antigens found on the surface of red blood cell membranes that promote agglutination.

Agglutinins

Genetically determined antibodies present in blood plasma (appearing after $2\,\text{months}$ of age) that react against foreign agglutinogens.

Rh Factor

An antigen system on red blood cells; blood containing Rh antigen proteins (such as C, D, and E types) is Rh+, whereas blood lacking them is Rh-.

Hemolysis

The destruction and rupture of erythrocytes caused by antibody binding and agglutination.

Transfusion Reaction

An adverse immune reaction where donor RBC agglutinogens react with recipient plasma agglutinins, potentially causing cell lysis, vessel blockage, and renal tube damage.

Neutrophil (Histology Identification)

Identification of a leukocyte displaying a characteristic multilobed nucleus and fine cytoplasmic granules.

Eosinophil (Histology Identification)

Identification of a leukocyte displaying a distinct bi-lobed nucleus and prominent red cytoplasmic granules.

Basophil (Histology Identification)

Identification of a leukocyte displaying a bi-lobed nucleus obscured by dark purplish-black cytoplasmic granules.

Small Lymphocyte (Histology Identification)

Identification of an agranulocyte displaying a large spherical nucleus with a narrow surrounding rim of cytoplasm.

Monocyte (Histology Identification)

Identification of the largest leukocyte, characterized by a prominent kidney-shaped nucleus.