CON BIO 2

only the lemur is considered threatened

A lemur species is listed on the IUCN Red List as Endangered (EN), and a

tortoise species is listed as Near Threatened (NT). Which statement is

correct?

The previous 5 has 75% extinction, while modern day is lower

Many scientists are cautious about saying we have already entered a sixth

mass extinction. What is the main reason?

Rising per capita consumption

The IPAT equation describes the ultimate drivers of biodiversity loss. Which

of the following is an ultimate driver rather than a proximate cause?

habitat loss and degradation

The Living Planet Index shows that average vertebrate populations have

declined by almost 70% since 1970. Across birds, mammals, and fish, what is

the leading cause of these declines?

multiple stressors, combined effect greater

White abalone were first driven to low numbers by overharvesting. The

survivors now face withering syndrome, a bacterial disease that becomes far

more deadly in warmer water. This situation best illustrates

functionally extinct

Only two wild St. Helena ebony trees remain, growing on a cliff on a single

island. Although the species is still alive in the wild, many biologists consider

it

large reserve near another habitat

According to MacArthur and Wilson’s theory of island biogeography, which

nature reserve would be expected to support the most species at

equilibrium?

A rhino found in one national park, with very small population

Which of the following species would be most vulnerable to extinction?

extinction vortex

In an isolated population of Illinois greater prairie chickens that fell to fewer

than 50 birds, inbreeding lowered egg hatching success, which shrank the

population further and led to even more inbreeding. This self-reinforcing

cycle is called

it helps build global biodiversity monitoring networks

Why are citizen science programs like

iNaturalist valuable for conservation?

core habitat declines and edge habitat increases

As habitat patches in a landscape become smaller,

more fire, light, wind, and drought

Compared with the forest interior, a forest edge typically experiences

Persist mainly because immigrants keep arriving from source populations

The bay checkerspot butterfly persists as a mainland-island (source-sink)

metapopulation. In this kind of metapopulation, sink populations

fat soluble, hard to secrete, persist in food chain

Mercury, PCBs, and long-lived pesticides reach the highest concentrations in

large predators such as tuna, swordfish, and sharks because these pollutants

excess algal growth death/decay, which lowers oxygen

What causes massive fish die-offs after high nitrogen and phosphorus inputs

from human activity?

second, after habitat loss

Where did overexploitation rank

among extinction threats on the IUCN list?

social dilemma, tragedy of the commons

if they don’t, others will is an example of

already threatened with imminent extinction

Under CITES, species listed in Appendix I are

endocrine disruptors

A USFWS and USGS study of fish across NE national wildlife refuges found

that 60–100% of male smallmouth bass had female egg cells growing in their

testes. This was linked to

pangolins

most trafficked mammals in the world

establishes in natural habitats, agent of change, threatens native biodiversity

what makes an alien species an invasive one

opportunity, establishment, spread

correct order of stages of invasion

cane toads in Australia

which species was introduced intentionally

the ballast water of ships

the Eurasian zebra mussel was introduced primarily through

exponential population growth and rapidly expanding invasion front

after establishment, alien species’ spread follows three phases, which matches the expansion phase

disturbed, aquatic, and island

which set of ecosystems is especially vulnerable to invasion

declined in step with the spread

after the brown tree snake colonized and spread in Guam, forest birds

biotic homogenization

two lakes share one of three fish species, an invasive fish is introduced to both and drives one extinct, raising similarity to 66%. This illustrates

beneficial effects of invasive species, judging species by their purpose not origin

monarch butterflies roosting on eucalyptus trees is an example of

detects/tracks invasive species from water or soil samples

main advantage of eDNA to manage invasive species

to evaluate species and rate them

purpose of the ICUN

population, affluence, technology

impacts of extinction due to

habitat loss, overexploitation, invasive species, climate change

environmental changes

critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable

what categories would be considered “threatened”

proximate causes

habitat loss, overexploitation, invasive species, and climate change are all examples of

ultimate causes

population, affluence, and technology are all examples of

indicator of the state of global biodiversity

what is the Living Planet Index

warmer temps lead to stress, which makes them susceptible to disease (black/white band disease and whitepox)

how are corals good examples of multiple stressors

functionally extinct

the white abalone mollusk are considered

endemic to St. Helena island, will likely go extinct

the St. Helena ebony

islands with large areas have more species than smaller areas

MacArthur and Wilson’s diagram explains the species-area relationship, which is

small, fragmented isolated populations

first event in extinction vortex

inbreeding, loss of genetic diversity

second event in extinction vortex

reduced adaptability, survival and reproduction

third event in extinction vortex

reduced N

fourth event in extinction vortex

narrow geographic range, one/few and small populations, islands

vulnerability to extinction

10 to 20%, with an equivalent loss of natural habitats

how much will agriculture need to increase to feed the growing population

one incorporates into nature, while the other takes over

land sparing v. sharing

7 out of 10 will live in a megacity

urbanization

surface coal mines, illegal coral reef cyanide poisoning, shrimp farms, amazon cattle ranching

habitat loss by extractive industries

roundtable on sustainable palm oil to verify and use properly

RSPO

large, continuous area reduced and divided

habitat fragmentation

70%

how many forests lie within ½ mile of edge

low quality, negative growth

sink population

high quality, positive growth

source population

concentration higher in organisms than environment

bio magnification/accumulation

due to overfishing and bycatch

wolffish overexploitation

situations where individuals make decisions in own self interest

social dilemmas

commercial, subsistence, recreational

types of overexploitation

greatest amount of a resource harvested each year and replaced without detriment

max sustainable yield

collected data from 64 marine ecosystems, predicted no fish by 2048

Worm data

1/3 healthy stock, ¼ recovery, 1/3 managed unsustainably

worm fish data

broad leaft mahogany, african cherry, and karomia gigas

world’s most overexploited trees

strictly controlled

Species in Appendix II of CITES are

special requests

Species in Appendix III of CITES are

ivory was seized and burned so it wouldn’t be sold

ivory trade

determines an invasive species’ membership of local communities

community assembly

helped overcome natural dispersal barriers

before v. after dispersal of terrestrial gastropods

rats, zebra mussel, giant salvania

unintentionally introduced species

European starlings, cane toads, giant african snail

intentionally introduced species

empty niche

first hypothesis of how bio interactions influence alien establishment

novel weapons (allelopathic chemicals)

second hypothesis of how bio interactions influence alien establishment

enemies release

third hypothesis of how bio interactions influence alien establishment

novel environments created by humans

fourth hypothesis of how bio interactions influence alien establishment

lag, expansion, and saturation phase

spread of alien species

slow population growth, low spread

lag phase

exponential growth, rapid invasion

expansion phase

population growth/spread plateau

saturation phase

emerald ash borer

most economically damaging invasive species

prevention, eradication, containment, asset-based protection

invasion management option

aggregated pattern of weather

what is climate

atmosphere thickens, adding more heat onto earth

greenhouse affect

never rose above 300ppm, but reached 415 in 2019

Ice-core records spanning the past 800,000 years show that atmospheric CO₂:

first known global extinction caused climate change, after rising seas repeatedly flooded its only island habitat

Why is the Bramble Cay melomys (Melomys rubicola) significant?

change in spatial distribution

Over several decades, a mountain butterfly disappears from its low-elevation sites and new populations appear at higher elevations. Which coping response does this represent

shifted northward, 100 miles or more

Between 1968 and 2015, populations of American lobster, red hake, and black sea bass off the northeastern U.S. coast:

caterpillars emerged too early, causing birds to hatch early

In the great tit (Parus major) example of population asynchrony:

they were replaced by sea grass

What happened to the kelp forests at Kalbarri, Western Australia?

describe climatic niche and identify habitat lost

 In the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) study, climate envelope models (CEMs) were used to:

connect protected areas large enough for species to migrate/shift

The main goal of the Yellowstone to Yukon (Y2Y) Conservation Initiative is to:

change in local phenotype, phenology, and spatial distribution

potential responses to allow species to cope with climate change

alteration of species’ morphology, physiology, or behavior

change in local phenotype

adjusting life cycle events to match climate

change in phenology

population dispersal to more suitable habitats

change in spatial distribution

climate change scenario

first general step to predict climate change response

future climate projection

second general step to predict climate change response

predicted biological responses

third general step to predict climate change response

quantifying biological change

fourth general step to predict climate change response

predicting impacts on biodiversity

fifth general step to predict climate change response

ecosystem services, governance, human/cultural

mackerel services