Chapter 17 things I need to memorize pt 4

Pancreatic Islets

Glucagon and insulin

Released between meals when blood glucose fall

Glucagon

In liver, stimulates gluconeogenesis & glycogenolysis

Glucagon

Lipolysis of adipose tissue

Glucagon

Secreted during and after meal

Insulin

Promotes synthesis of glycogen, fat, and protein

Insulin

Brain, liver, kidneys, and RBCs absorb glucose without

Insulin

Insufficiency or inaction is cause of

Diabetes mellitus

Disruption of metabolism due to hyposecretion or inaction of insulin (insulin resistance

Diabetes mellitus

Polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia

Diabetes mellitus

Revealed by elevated blood glucose, glucose in urine, and ketones in the urine

Diabetes mellitus

Polyuria (with thirst and dehydration) occurs because kidneys exhibit a

Transport maximum

5% to 10% of cases in United States

Type 1

Insulin is always used to treat, and hereditary susceptibility

Type 1

If susceptible individual is infected with certain viruses (rubella, cytomegalovirus), autoantibodies attack and destroy pancreatic beta cells

Type 1

90% to 95% of diabetics

Type 2

Problem is insulin resistance

Type 2

Risk factors are heredity, age (40+), obesity, and ethnicity

Type 2

Treated with weight-loss program and exercise or glycemia-lowering oral medication

Type 2

Raise blood glucose concentration (includes hormones from other glands) Glucagon, growth hormone, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol

Hyperglycemic hormones

Lower blood glucose Insulin

Hypoglycemic hormones

Eggs and sperm

Exocrine product

Gonadal hormones

Endocrine product

Keratinocytes produce using UV from sun (first step in making vitamin D

Cholecalciferol

Kidneys secrete Target: red bone marrow Action: stimulates production of RBC’s

Erythropoietin

Kidneys secrete Target: cortex of adrenal gland Action: stimulates production of aldosterone

Renin

Adipose tissue secretes Action: Slows appetite

leptin

Placenta secretes Action: Regulate pregnancy, stimulate development of

fetus and mammary glands

Estrogen and progesterone