Ch. 2 Exam Review PY 212

Single-gene Disorders

An illness caused by a single gene

Dominant Disorders

An illness that a child gets by inheriting one copy of the abnormal gene that causes the disorder; Huntington’s Disease (HD)

Recessive Disorders

An illness that a child gets by inheriting two copies of the abnormal gene that causes the disorder; Cystic fibrosis (CF), sickle cell anemia, Tay-Sachs disease

Sex-linked Disorders

An illness, carried on the mother’s X chromosome that typically leaves the female offspring unaffected but has a 50/50 chance of striking each male child; Hemophilia

Tay-Sachs Disease

Universally fatal infant nervous system disorder, child appears healthy at birth, but then fatty material accumulates in the neurons and, at 6 months, symptoms such as blindness, intellectual disability and paralysis occur and the baby dies

Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)

Any infertility treatment in which the egg is fertilized outside the womb

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

An infertility treatment in which conception occurs outside the womb; woman is given fertility drugs, eggs harvested and placed in lab dish along with partner’s sperm, after a few days fertilized eggs are inserted into uterus

Advantages of ART

Allows infertile women to conceive a child

Disadvantages of ART

Painful procedures, expensive, outcomes dicey, emotional cost of miscarrying, risk of having fragile, small babies, issues attached to third-party arrangements

Germinal Stage

The first 2 weeks of prenatal development, from fertilization to full implantation

Zygote

A fertilized ovum; makes first cell division within first 36 hours, then continues to divide every 12-15 hrs as it makes its way down the fallopian tube

Blastocyst

The hollow sphere of cells formed during the germinal stage in preparation for implantation

Implantation

The process in which the blastocyst becomes embedded in the uterine wall

Placenta

The structure projecting from the wall of the uterus during pregnancy through which the developing baby absorbs nutrients

Embryonic Stage

2nd stage of prenatal development, lasts 3-8 weeks; most fast-paced period of development; all major organs are constructed

Fetal Stage

The final phase of prenatal development, lasting 7 months, characterized by physical refinements, massive growth, and the development of the brain

First Trimester

Often feeling tired and ill, release of hormones such as progesterone (responsible for maintaining the pregnancy) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG; thought to prevent the woman’s body from rejecting the “foreign” embryo, morning sickness, miscarriage

Morning Sickness

nausea and sometimes vomiting that affects at least 2 out of 3 women during the 1st trimester

Evolutionary Explanations for Morning Sickness

Prevented the mother from eating spoiled meat or toxic plants, which could be especially dangerous during the embryonic phase

Second Trimester

Feeling much better and connecting emotionally, becoming sensitized neurologically to other infant faces, quickening

Quickening

A pregnant woman’s first feeling of the fetus moving inside her body; sensation like bubbles; woman feels viscerally connected to a growing human being

Third Trimester

Getting very large and waiting for birth; physical concerns (backaches, leg cramps, numbness and tingling, heartburn, insomnia)

Sensitive Period

The time when a body structure is most vulnerable to damage by a teratogen, typically when that organ or process is rapidly developing or coming “online”

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

A cluster of birth defects caused by the mother’s alcohol consumption during pregnancy; smaller-than-normal birth weight and brain

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Less severe syndrome characterized by deficits in learning and impaired mental health; genetic changes that impair neural growth

Stage 1 of Labor

Dilation (widen from the size of a dime to the width of a coffee mug or a medium-sized bowl of soup) and effacement (thin out) of the cervix

Stage 2 of Labor

Birth; the fetus depends through the uterus and enters the vagina, or birth canal

Stage 3 of Labor

The expulsion of the placenta, essential to avoid infection and to help the uterus return to its pre-pregnant state

Apgar Score

A quick test used to assess a just-delivered baby’s condition by measuring heart rate, muscle tone, respiration, reflex response, and color; above 7 excellent shape, below 7 child must be monitored or resuscitated and kept in hospital for awhile

Very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) Infants

A weight at birth of less than 3 ¼ pounds; can limit intellectual and social skills throughout childhood and the adolescent years, possibly promoting overweight and early age-related disease

NICU care

A special hospital unit that treats at-risk newborns, such as low-birth-weight and very-low-birth-weight babies

Premature Birth

Babies who are born before week 37

Viability and Survival of Extremely Premature Infants

Survival rates vary, depending on the individual baby and that child’s access to high-quality care

Proximodistal Sequence

The developmental principle that growth occurs from the most interior parts of the body outward

Cephalocaudal Sequence

The developmental principle that growth occurs in a sequence from head to toe

Mass-to-specific Sequence

The developmental principle that large structures (and movements) precede increasingly detailed refinements