Bio Connect Concepts #1

What are characteristics of non-polar molecules?

Electrically neutral with a uniform electrical distribution

What type of bond are C-H/Carbon-Hydrogen bonds?

Nonpolar Bond

Hydrogen atoms have how many protons?

One

Atomic number refers to what numbers?

The number of protons in an atom

Atoms of different elements have different number of what?

Number of Protons

Hydrogen atoms have how many neutrons?

None

Ions are formed when atoms:

Lose or gain one or more electrons

Isotopes are elements with different numbers of:

Neutrons

What are unstable elements with tendencies to break apart?

Radioactive Isotopes

During radioactive decay, an atom breaks up into elements with:

lower atomic numbers

For an given isotopes, the rate of radioactive decay is:

Constant

What can be determined from comparing the ratio of carbon in isotopes?

Age

What impact chemical properties of an element?

Number and configuration of electrons

When electrons have the same potential energy, they are also

On the same energy level

What are electron orbitals?

Probability distributions that represent where electrons may be in relation to the nucleus

What is the process of gaining electrons in a reaction called?

Reduction

What are chemical reactions that involve a transfer of electrons from one atom to another called?

Redox/ Oxidative-reduction reactions

Electrons in the same energy are how far from the nucleus?

Same distance

Where are the valence electrons of an atom found?

In the outermost energy level only

What is oxidation?

It facilitates the process of an atom losing 1 or more electron while undergoing a chemical reaction

What are unfilled electron shells?

It means the electron does not have a pair; they can form bonds with other atoms and are chemically reactive/ can form chemical compounds with other elements

When are atoms most chemically stable?

When their outer shell is full

What is a molecule?

2 or more atoms held together by table chemical bonds

What is the most common number of electrons to make a full outer energy level?

8 electrons

If the first energy level of an atom is its only level, what is a full stable shell?

2 electrons

Why is a molecule with 2 hydrogen atoms stable?

Because it is held together by a covalent bond, it has not unpaired electrons, and it has no net charge

What happens to form NaCl?

A sodium atom loses an electron and the chlorine atom gains an electron

What bond forms between two hydrogen atoms?

A nonpolar covalent bond

What bond forms between Oxygen and Hydrogen (O-H)?

A polar covalent bond

What bond forms between Sodium and Chlorine (Na-Cl)?

An ionic bond

What bond forms between Carbon and Hydrogen (C-H)?

A nonpolar covalent bond

What are charactersitics of polar molecules?

They are electrically neutral and have the same # of protons as electrons

Is water polar or nonpolar?

Polar

What bonds form between two identical atoms?

Nonpolar covalent bonds

What are the partial charges in water (H2O)?

The oxygen has 2 partial negative charges and each hydrogen carries a partial postive charge

What does it mean that water molecules are adhesive?

They are attracted to other polar molecules

What does it mean that water is cohesive?

Water droplets are attracted to each other

Why do water molecules rise in a capillary glass tube?

Because water molecules adhere to the surface of the glass

Molecules that are more polar tend to have what qualities?

Higher specific heat + Higher heat of vaporization

Water’s high specific heat allows organisms to what?

Maintain stable internal temperature + prevent overheating

What is specific heat?

The amount of heat 1 gram of a substance must absorb or lose to change the temperature

What is heat of vaporization?

Amount of energy needed to change 1 gram of water from liquid to gas

What explains water’s properties that are important to life?

Water’s polar nature

What is hydrophobic exclusion?

When nonpolar molecules aggregate/cluster together when placed in water; the nonpolar or hydrophobic molecules fold inside leaving the polar molecules exposed to the water

When a hydrogen ion dissociates from what, what is its charge?

Postive 1+

When an acid dissolves in water, how does it decrease the pH level?

It release protons into the solution

Even small changes in pH can do what?

Alter the shape of enzymes or other proteins and change their ability to function

What bonds are stronger in aquouous solutions?

Covalent bonds

What makes something highly insoluble in water?

Many HpC bonds

What bonds unite DNA?

Hydrogen bonds

What are stereoisomers?

Isomers that have the same carbon skeleton but differ in how groups are organized

What are enantiomers?

A type of stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other, same carbon skeleton but different attachments

What are structural isomers?

Isomers that differ in actual structure of carbon but have same molecules

How are polymer built?

Using condensation or dehydration reactions, where the -OH and -H are removed from the two monomers

What are the 4 main groups of macromolecules?

Protein, Nucleic Acids, Carbohydrates, Lipids

What are the simplest carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides

What elements are in glucose?

Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen with 7 energy storing C-H bonds

Glucose and galactose are what types of isomers?

Stereoisomers

Carbs are formed by linking 2 monosaccharides by a condensation reaction to get what?

Water and a Polysaccharide

What is the difference between the diagram of an alpha glucose or a beta glucose?

The OH group is at the bottom of the alpha glucose, while at the top on beta glucose

What isomers are glucose and fructose?

Structural isomers

In plants, how is glucose transported?

It is combined with one other monosaccharide

What are examples of dissaccharides?

Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose

What is a starch?

A alpha-linked glucose storage molecule; an insoluble carbohydrate

What is cellulose?

A beta-linked glucose, structural molecule found in plant cell walls

What is amylose made of and linked by?

Glucose linked by alpha 1-4 linkages

Both amylopectin and glycogen are considered what and linked by what?

A starch linked by alpha 1-6 linkages

What is the simplest starch?

Amylose

What is the structure of fatty acids?

A hydrocarbon chain with a terminal carbon group

Why do animals need symbiotic bacteria to digest cellulose?

Cellulose is typically found in plants, who have enzymes to digest it easily. Animals cannot easily digest it, but symbiotic bacteria can

A fatty acid with double bonds between carbon is considered what?

Unsatured

What is Amylopectin?

A branched polymer with shorter average chains and fewer branches

What is a fatty acid’s structure?

Consists of a long chain hydrocarbon with a carboxyl group at one end

What is a triglycerides’ structure?

One glycerol molecule joined with three fatty acids

How are saturated fatty acids bonded?

No double bonds between carbon atoms

How are poly unsaturated fatty acids bonded?

With 2 or more double bonds between carbon atoms

How are monounsaturated fatty acids bonded?

With one double bond between carbon atoms

A saturated fat with the same number of carbon atoms with have what compared to an unsaturated fat?

More hydrogen atoms and a higher melting point

A liquid oil can be made into a solid fat by chemically adding what?

Adding hydrogen

What determines if a fat is a solid or liquid?

The presence or absence of double bonds between some carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon chain

Fatty acid that has double bonds between one or more parts is what?

Unsatured

Why do saturated fats had higher melting points?

Because they align very tightly, making them solid

Why do fats store energy better?

Because of their higher ratio of C-H bonds

Phospholipids are structurally similar to triglycerides, but differ how?

Its phosphate group replaces one of the fatty acids

What are phospholipids made of:

Fatty acids, phosphate group, glycerol

A fatty acid with all the hydrogen atoms possible is considered:

Saturated

What forms the core fo all biological membranes?

Phospholipids

How is a phospholipid both polar and nonpolar?

It has a polar head and 2 nonpolar tails

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA

Nucleic Acids are able to serve as templates to what?

Produce copies of themselves

What are the purposes of RNA?

Part of the machinery that synthesizes proteins, they temporarily carry information within the cell, and they regulate gene expression

What is a nucleotide?

A 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base

What sugar is in the backbone of DNA?

Deoxyribose

What are the chemical bases of DNA?

Adenine (pyrine) and cytosine (pyrimidine)

What is ATP considered?

A Nucleotide

What is ATP made of?

Adenine, a 5-carbon sugar (ribose), and 3 phosphate groups

What type of bond connects adjacent nucleotides in a single strand?

Phosphodiester bond

The 5’ end of a polynucleotide is compose of what?

A phosphate group

Pyrimidines are what?

Single ring molecules, with nitrogenous bases; examples include cytosine, thymine, and uracil

What is covalently linked in a nucleotide?

The phosphate group of one nucleotide is covalently linked to the sugar of the next nucleotide