A&P II Exam 1 Study Guide

Fissures

The deep grooves in your brain

Commotio Cortis

Latin, "agitation or disruption of the heart" it is an often a lethal disruption of heart rhythm that occurs as a result of a blow to the area directly over the heart (the precordial region) at a critical time during the cycle of a heartbeat. The force was enough to cause a ventricular fibrillation which prevented blood circulation and cardiac arrest.

Acetylcholine (ACH)

it is a neurotransmitter often used at neuromuscular junctions and in some autonomic neurons

Biogenic Amines

include Catecholamines (Dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine)
and the indolamines (serotonin and histamine)

Central Nervous System (CNS)

comprised of the brain and the spinal cord

Efferent Nerves

nerves that carry motor information away

Afferent Nerves

nerves that carry motor information towards it

Precentral Gyrus

associated with motor movement; located in parietal lobe

Postcentral Gyrus

associated with memory

Hypothalamus

manages food intake, water balance & thirst, temp regulation, and is the autonomic control center

Parietal Lobe

controls somatosensory

Frontal Lobe

controls personality, memory, object recall, multi-task problems, and learned motor movements

Temporal Lobe

lobe that controls hearing & connects audio info to learning and memory

Occipital Lobe

lobe that sees images and processes it sometimes with memory

Superior Colliculi

Visual reflex centers

Inferior Colliculi

Auditory relay centers

Presynaptic Neuron

The neuron conducting the impulse

Postsynaptic Neuron

Neuron receiving the impulse

Chemical Synapses

most common synapse and uses special neurotransmitters to signal responses

Development of the CNS

Ectoderm → Neural plate → Neural folds → Neural groove → Neural tube → Primary vesicles → Secondary vesicles → Brain & spinal cord

Peptides

include endorphines and tachykinins

Gyri

The outer layer of the brain

Limbic System

structure responsible for emotions and emotional responses

Sulcus

shallow grooves in the brain

Pathway of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Choroid plexus → Lateral ventricles → Interventricular foramen → Third ventricle → Cerebral aqueduct → Fourth ventricle → Subarachnoid space → Arachnoid granulations → Venous system

Amygdala

processes social connections and determine if there is an emotional significance with the individual or situation and scan for threats or untrustworthiness

Right amygdala

induces negative emotions, especially fear and sadness

Left amygdala

induces either pleasant or unpleasant emotions and often plays a role in mental states

Cerebral Aqueduct

a canal that connects third ventricle and fourth ventricle together

Depolarization

A change in membrane potential toward a more positive (less negative) value than the resting state

Repolarization

The return of membrane potential toward the resting negative value after depolarization

Hyperpolarization

A change in membrane potential toward a more negative value than the resting state

Resting Membrane Potential

Neurons at rest maintain an internal negative charge around 70mV due concentration gradients and membrane permeability.

Amino Acids

includes gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, and glycine

Electrical Synapses

less common but are much faster than chemical synapses

Multiple Sclerosis

Autoimmune disease which attacks the myelin of nerve cells. Symptoms include visual disturbance (including blindness), problems controlling muscles (weakness, clumsiness, and ultimately paralysis), speech disturbances, and urinary incontinence.

Adenosine Triphosphate

ATP

Voltage

the measure of potential energy (mV)

Ohms Law

Current (I) = Voltage (V) / Resistance (R)

Corpus Colosseum

connects left and right sides of the brain together; if damaged the two sides can act independent of each other

olfactory

cranial nerve that controls smell

optic

cranial nerve that controls vision

oculomotor, trochlear, abducens

cranial nerves that controls movement of the eye

facial

cranial nerve that controls the muscles of the face and taste

auditory (vestibulocochlear)

cranial nerve that controls hearing

glossopharyngeal

cranial nerve that controls reflexes of the heart, taste and swallowing

vagus

cranial nerve that helps regulate the heart, lungs and digestive organs

accessory

cranial nerve that controls the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscle

hypoglossal

cranial nerve that controls the muscles of the tongue

trigeminal

cranial nerve that is made up of the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves

Spina Bifida

a neural tube defect that occurs when a fetus’ spine does not close during development

Alzheimer’s

a disease that causes a degradation of neurons that leads to dementia and memory loss and primarily strikes people over 65

Parkinson’s

a disease that causes a persistent tremor movement of the body even at rest and makes it slower to initiate & execute movement but typically strikes people in their 50s and 60s.

Cyclopia

A disease caused by trisomy at chromosome 13 (having three instead of two). During development and prior to birth, the brain develops more rapidly than it should causing the shape of the skull to change. This forces the nose upward to form a proboscis (tube shaped nose) and the eyes to merge into one spot.

Rachischisis

an extreme form of spina bifida where the brain and spinal cord are exposed to the environment

Hippocampus

major brain region important for converting short term memory over to long term memory

Medulla Oblongata

continuation of the brainstem that leads seamlessly into the spinal cord

Pons

acts as the bridge between the projections of brain and the spinal cord

Huntington’s

A disease that primarily strikes people in their 40s. A fatal hereditary disorder, kills within 15 years of symptom onset, chorea (“dance”).