chemistry exam 2

hydroxide

OH^-

hydronium

H₃O⁺

ammonium

NH₄⁺

nitrate

NO₃^-

nitrite

NO₂^-

chlorate

ClO₃^-

chlorite

ClO₂^-

carbonate

CO₃^2-

hydrogen carbonate/bicarbonate

HCO₃^-

cyanide

CN^-

acetate

C₂H₃O₂^-

sulfate

SO₄^2-

phosphorus

PO₄^3-

linear

electron pairs: 2

lone pairs: 0

trigonal planar

electron pairs: 3

lone pairs: 0

120

Bent

electron pair: 3

lone pairs: 1

<120

tetrahedral

electron pair: 4

lone pair: 0

109

trigonal pyramid

electron pairs: 4

lone pairs: 1

109

bent

electron pairs: 4

lone pairs: 2

«109

molecular shape: tetrahedral

4 bonds to C all single

molecular shape: trigonal planar

3 bonds to C double w/ 2 single

molecular shape: linear

2 bonds to C triple w/ 1 single or 2 doubles

saturated

all single bonds & max number of hydrogens

noncyclic (no rings) formula

C_nH_2n+2

alkane

single bonds

alkene

double bond

alkyne

triple bond

meth- (methane)

1

eth- (ethane)

2

prop- (propane)

3

but- (butane)

4

pent- (pentane)

5

hex- (hexane)

6

hept- (heptane)

7

oct- (octane)

8

non- (nonane)

9

dec- (decane)

10

1 unsaturated ring

-2H

1 unsaturated double

-2H

1 unsaturated triple

-4H

naming compounds

substituents (attachments) + parent name (number of carbons) + suffix (family name)

constitutional/skeletal

different connections

stereoisomers

same connection but different 3D

geometric

C double bond C + ring (can’t rotate)

conformational

rotate how one single bond is drawn

optical

4 different groups attached to 1 C

enantiomer

flip all wedges to dashes and dashes to wedges

trans

one wedge and one dash

cis

two wedges or two dashes

alcohol

alkene

alkyne

amide

aromatic

carboxylate

carboxylic acid

disulfide

ester

ether

haloalkane

ketone

phenol

phosphate

Thiol

thioether

primary amine

secondary amine

tertiary amine

amine

aldehyde