organisation- biology

What is a catalyst

A chemical which speeds up a chemical reaction without being used it itself

What is an enzyme

Biological catalyst , proteins

How do enzymes work

Lock and key model

Enzymes active site is complementary to the active site - specific

Which factors affect enzyme activity (2)

Tenperature and pH

What does denature mean

Active site permanently changes shape

Where is amylase found

Salivary glands

What does amylase do

Starch into glucose

How to test for starch

Iodine

Orange/ brown to blue black

Where is protease found

Stomach and small intestine

What does protease do

Protein into amino acids

What is the test for protein

Biuret reagent

Blue to purple

Where is lipase found

Small intestine

test for lipase

Ethanol

Clear to milky white

What does lipase do

Fats / lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

What is the optimum pH for amylase

7

What is the aim of the amylase RP

To see if the pH increases the rate of reaction of amylase

How does food travel in the digestive system

Peristalsis - muscle contractions

What acid is in the stomach and why

Hydrochloric acid

To kill bacteria and give optimum pH for protease

Which enzyme is found in the stomach and what is it’s optimum pH

Protease 1-2

Stomachs adaptations

Thick muscular walls

Walls havs mucus lining to protect from ulcers

Where is bile made

Liver

Where is bile stored

Gall bladder

Is bile acidic or alkaline

Alkaline

2 jobs of bile

Neutralise stomach acid

Emulsify fat

What does emulsify mean

To break down fat into smaller droplets - to increase surface area

What is lipases optimum pH

8-9

Main function of small intestine

Absorption

What is the function of pancreas

Secrets enzymes

Job of large intestine

Absorb water

What does metabolism mean

The sun of all chemical reactions in the body

3 adaptations of small intestine

Vilis- surface area

Capillaries - maintain concentration gradient

One cell thick - short difffusion distance

Test for glucose

Benedict’s solution at 65•c

Blue - brick red

4 things in blood

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Platelets

Plasma

Function of blood

To transport oxygen and other substances to every cell in the body AND REMOVE WASTE

How are red blood cells adapted

No nucleus

Biconcave

Small and flexible

Thin

Haemoglobin

Define Haemoglobin

Red protein inside red blood cells ro bind to oxygen reversibly to make oxyhaemoglobin

job of circulatory system

To circulate blood around the body

Single circulatory

Blood goes through heart once - lowER pressure

3 blood vessels

Arteries veins capillaries

Double circulatory system

Blood goes through the heart twice - highER pressure

Adaptation of artery

ThickER muscular + elastic wall

SmallER lumen

Function of artery

Carry oxygenated blood away from heart - highER pressure

Vein adaptation

ThinnER muscular + elastic walls

LargER lumen

Valves

Function of veins

Carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart twice- lowER pressure

Function of capillary

Connect arteries to veins

Allow diffusion of substances

Capillaries adaptions

1 cell thick

Walls are permeable

Job of the left side of heart

Pump oxygenated blood towards whole body - highER pressure

job of the right side of heart

Pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs- lowER pressure

Function of atrium

Receive blood

Function of ventricle

Pump blood out of heart

Function of valves

Prevent back flow

Where is pacemaker

Right atrium

What does the pacemaker do

Control heart rate

what are coronary artery

Arteries to supply the heart muscle with blood

What is coronary heart disease

Fat blockages in coronary arteries

Less oxygen to heart muscle

Less pumping

Less oxygen to body

What are causes of coronary heart disease (4)

High cholesterol diet

Lack of exercise

Smoking

Alcohol

Treatments for coronary heart disease

Statin

Stent

Bypass surgery

What does statin do

Lowers blood cholesterol

What does stent do

Holds artery open and wide

What does bypass surgery do

Replaces artery

Wnat is an arrhythmia

Irregular heartbeat

What causes arrhythmia

Coronary heart disease

High blood pressure

Genetic

Treatments for arrhythmia

medicine

Pacemaker device implanted

What is heart valve disease

When valves are leaky

Treatments for heart valve disease

Replace with mechanical or biological valve

Advantages of mechanical valve

Lasts long

No rejection

Disadvantages of mechanical valve

Blood clots - needs meds

Advantages of biological valve

Cheap

disadvantages of biological valve

Rejection - needs meds

What is heart failure

When heart is unable to pump blood around the body

Treatment for heart failure

Heart transplant

Disadvantages of heart transplants

Risk of infection

Waiting list

Rejection - need meds

Why does heart rate increase during exercise

Heart rate increases to provide more blood to muscle cells

So more oxygen and glucose for respiration

So more carbon dioxide can be removed

So more energy can be released

What’s in the respiratory system (8)

Trachea

Bronchi

Bronchioles

Alveoli

Ribs

Lung

Diaphragm

Intercostal muscles

Function of alveoli

Gaseous exchange

Alveoli adaptation (3)

Thin walls- 1 cell thick

Large surface area

Good blood supply - maintain concentration gradient

How do fish do gas exchange

Using gills

gill filaments

How are gills adapted

Large surface area- gill filaments

Good blood supply

Filaments have Thin wall