Anatomical Directions, Homeostasis, Biochemistry, Cellular Processes, and Tissues

Practice question and answer flashcards covering human anatomy, body regions, feedback loops, basic chemistry, cellular respiration, mitosis, and histology based on lecture review notes.

What does anterior mean?

Toward the front of the body.

What does posterior mean?

Toward the back of the body.

What does medial mean?

Toward the midline of the body.

What does superior mean?

Toward the head or above.

What does inferior mean?

Away from the head or below.

What is contained in the thoracic body cavities?

chest cavity containing heart and lungs

What is contained in the cranial body cavitiy?

Brain

What is contained in the ventral body cavities?

anterior body cavity containing thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

What is contained in the abdominopelvic body cavities?

abdominal and pelvic organs;

What are the four abdominopelvic quadrants and what major organs are found in each?

RUQ: Liver, gallbladder, duodenum, right kidney; LUQ: Stomach, spleen, pancreas, left kidney; RLQ: Appendix, cecum, small intestine, right ovary; LLQ: Descending/sigmoid colon, small intestine, left ovary.

What anatomical regions correspond to the frontal, buccal, axillary, abdominal, and inguinal areas?

Frontal: forehead region; Buccal: cheek region; Axillary: armpit region; Abdominal: region of the abdomen; Inguinal: groin region.

What anatomical regions correspond to the digital area, pes, lumbar, sacral, vertebral, perineal, and popliteal areas?

Digital: fingers or toes; Pes: foot; Lumbar: lower back region; Sacral: area over sacrum; Vertebral: area along spinal column; Perineal: region between anus and external genitalia; Popliteal: area behind knee.

What are the 4 parts of a positive and negative feedback loop in sequence?

Stimulus → receptor → control center → effector.

What is the difference between positive and negative feedback?

Negative feedback reverses/reduces a change to maintain homeostasis. Positive feedback amplifies a change.

What are the functions of a stimulus, receptor, control center, and effector in a feedback loop?

Stimulus: change in internal/external environment causing response; Receptor: detects change or stimulus; Control center: receives info from receptor and determines response; Effector: carries out response.

What are the three subatomic particles, their charges, and their locations in an atom?

Proton: positive, nucleus; Neutron: neutral, nucleus; Electron: negative, electron cloud.

What is the difference between covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds in reference to glucose and water?

Covalent bonds share electrons and hold atoms within the glucose molecule together; hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between polar parts of glucose and surrounding water molecules.

What is the difference between glycogenesis and glycogenolysis?

Glycogenesis is storing glucose by converting it into glycogen (glucose → glycogen); glycogenolysis is breaking glycogen down to release glucose (glycogen → glucose).

What are the steps of cellular respiration in order?

Glycolysis → pyruvate oxidation → Krebs cycle → electron transport chain/chemiosmosis.

Where does glycolysis occur and what happens during this step?

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm. Glucose is broken down into pyruvate and produces ATP and NADH.

What occurs during pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain/chemiosmosis?

Pyruvate oxidation: pyruvate converts to acetyl-CoA; Krebs cycle: acetyl-CoA breaks down producing ATP, NADH, and $FADH_2$; ETC/chemiosmosis: electrons create a proton gradient driving ATP production.

What are the parts of an energy profile diagram and how does a catalyst affect activation energy?

Parts: reactants, products, activation energy, and \bdelta G. A catalyst lowers the activation-energy peak while overall energy change remains the same.

What are the phases of mitosis in order and what happens during each phase?

Prophase (chromosomes condense, mitotic spindle forms) → Metaphase (chromosomes line up in middle) → Anaphase (sister chromatids separate toward opposite poles) → Telophase (new nuclear envelopes form).

What is cytokinesis?

The division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells.

What are the basic shapes of epithelial cells and how are they defined?

Squamous: thin and flat; Cuboidal: cube-shaped; Columnar: tall and column-shaped.

What are the layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep?

Stratum corneum → stratum lucidum → stratum granulosum → stratum spinosum → stratum basale.

What is the correct order of the stages of wound healing in the skin?

Inflammatory → proliferative → maturation/remodeling.

What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?

Anatomy studies structure; physiology studies function.

Cells with a large surface area and low volume are optimized for what process?

Rapid exchange/diffusion of materials.

Which level of organization contains two or more tissue types to serve a common function?

An organ.

In what view would you best see the dorsum of the manus and the mediastinum?

Dorsum of manus: Posterior view; Mediastinum: Anterior view.

What does hypogastric mean and what organs are located in that region?

Hypogastric means below the stomach. It contains parts of the small intestine, large intestine, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs.

In the pupil constriction reflex caused by bright light, what structures act as the receptor and effector?

Receptor: Photoreceptors in the retina; Effector: Muscle in the iris of the eye.

Which tissue type has very little extracellular matrix if any and is avascular?

Epithelial tissue.

Which type of epithelium would be best for filtration and rapid diffusion?

Simple squamous epithelium.

What is the name of the holes in both cartilage and bone where chondrocytes and osteocytes live?

Lacunae.

How do parietal and visceral layers of a serous membrane differ?

Parietal lines the wall of the body cavity; visceral covers the surface of the organ.

What kind of glands are sebaceous glands?

Holocrine exocrine glands.